1989 David Weatherall. In recognition of his pioneering work on the clinical and molecular basis of the thalassaemias, and fundamental contributions to the unravelling of their heterogeneity.
1989 John Vane. In recognition of his development of techniques to detect and monitor substances in the blood that regulate the circulation, and their application to the treatment of vascular and ischaemic conditions.
1988 GK Batchelor. In recognition of his distinguished work on the theory of turbulence and turbulent diffusion, and the theory of microhydrodynamics and colloidal suspensions.
1988 Winifred M Watkins. In recognition of her fundamental contributions towards an understanding of the biochemical genetics of carbohydrate antigens on cell surfaces and in secreted glycoproteins.
1988 HEM Barlow. In recognition of his distinguished research, particularly on microwaves and waveguides, and of his lasting influence as the founder of an unusually productive research school.
1987 Francis Graham-Smith. In recognition of his outstanding contributions to radio- and optical-astronomy.
1987 Eric Denton. In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the physiology of marine animals, to marine biology generally, and his leadership of U.K. marine science.
1987 Gustav Victor Rudolf Born. In recognition of his major contributions to the physiology, pathology and pharmacology of platelets and of his widely used methods for studying platelet function in haemostasis and thrombosis.
1986 Rex Richards. In recognition of his many contributions, both theoretical and instrumental, to nuclear magnetic resonance.
1986 Richard Doll. In recognition of his pioneering use of statistical and epidemiological techniques to evaluate environmental factors in disease, notably that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease and bronchitis.
1986 EA Ash. In recognition of his outstanding researches on acoustic microscopy leading to wholly new techniques and substantial improvements in resolution of acoustic microscopes.
1985 Roger Penrose. For his fundamental contributions to the theory of gravitational collapse and to other geometric aspects of theoretical physics.
1985 John Bertrand Gurdon. For his outstanding contributions to the techniques of nuclear transplantation and the use of the amphibian egg for investigations on replication, transcription and translation of genes.
1985 John H Argyris. For his great contribution to the development of finite element analysis and its application to the solution of engineering problems.
1984 Alan Rushton Battersby. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the elucidation of the pathway for the biosynthesis of complex natural products.
1984 Mary Frances Lyon. In recognition of her distinguished contributions to the discovery of X-chromosome inactivation as a mechanism of gene dosage compensation.
1984 Alexander Lamb Cullen. In recognition of his many distinguished contributions to microwave engineering, both theoretical and experimental, and in particular for research on microwave antennae.
1983 John Frank Charles Kingman. In recognition of his distinguished researches on queuing theory, on regenerative phenomena, and on mathematical genetics.
1983 Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg. In recognition of his contributions to elucidating the nature of chemical synaptic transmission in nervous systems and the regulating effects of hormones in peripheral systems.
1983 Daniel Joseph Bradley. In recognition of his development of the techniques of generating ultra-short light pulses from lasers, and of picosecond streak cameras.
1982 Richard Henry Dalitz. In recognition of his outstanding contributions to particle physics, particularly in relation to the properties of strange particles.
1982 Cesar Milstein. In recognition of his fundamental contribution to understanding the structure and genetic control of immunoglobulins; his hybridoma technique for producing monoclonal antibodies has revolutionized the potential practical applications of immunology.
1982 William Hawthorne. In recognition of his outstanding contributions to engineering thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, and particularly the internal aerodynamics of turbomachines.
1981 Geoffrey Wilkinson. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to preparative inorganic chemistry and in particular to the synthesis and application of organometallic compounds.
1981 Marthe Louise Vogt. In recognition of her important contributions to synaptic biochemistry and pharmacology which are fundamental to modern neuropharmacology.
1981 Ralph Riley. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to understanding the genetics of wheat and the development of new methods of producing improved varieties.
1980 Denys Wilkinson. In recognition of his highly original research in nuclear physics and of his outstanding contributions on giant resonances, radiative widths, second-class beta decay and the fundamental symmetries of nuclear interactions and also on instrumentation.
1980 Henry Harris. In recognition of his development of cell fusion for the study of somatic-cell genetics and differentiation including the genetic control of malignancy.
1980 John Paul Wild. In recognition of his conception of the basic principles of the Interscan aircraft instrument landing system and the guidance of its development to a successful conclusion.
1979 Charles Frank. In recognition of his outstanding original contributions to the theory of crystal growth, dislocations, phase transformations and polymers, with wide applications in physics, chemistry and geology.
1979 Hans Walter Kosterlitz. In recognition of his distinguished work on narcotics leading to the discovery in 1975 of the enkephalins.
1979 Vernon Ellis Cosslett. In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the design and development of the X-ray microscope, the scanning electron microprobe analyser, the high voltage and ultrahigh resolution (2.5A) electron microscopes and their applications in many disciplines.
1978 Abdus Salam. In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the physics of elementary particles with special reference to the unification of the electromagnetic and weak interactions
1978 Roderic Alfred Gregory. In recognition of his distinguished studies of the biological activity of peptide hormones in relation to their structure.
1978 Tom Kilburn. In recognition of his outstanding individual and continuing contribution to the development of computer hardware in the United Kingdom over the last thirty years.
1977 Peter Hirsch. In recognition of his distinguished studies of defects in crystals and especially of his elucidation of the process of work hardening.
1977 Hugh Esmor Huxley. In recognition of his distinguished research on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of contraction.
1977 John Bertram Adams. In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the design and operation of high-energy particle accelerators.
1976 John Warcup Cornforth. In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the stereochemical unravelling of the biosynthesis of squalene and cholesterol from acetate and mevalonate.
1976 James Learmonth Gowans. In recognition of his distinguished research in the field of immunology, especially as regards the recirculation and immunological role of lymphocytes
1976 Alan Walsh. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to emission and infra-red spectroscopy and his origination of the atomic absorption method of quantitative analysis.
1975 Edward Bullard. In recognition of his distinction as a world leader in geophysics, especially the generation of the earths magnetic field, the origin of the oceans and continental drift.
1975 David Chilton Phillips. In recognition of his solution of the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme and his outstanding contributions to the techniques of x-ray crystallography.
1975 Barnes Wallis. In recognition of the originality of his ideas and the determination with which he has pursued them.
1974 Fred Hoyle. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to theoretical physics and cosmology.
1974 Sydney Brenner. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology concerning the nature of the genetic code and its expression during development.
1974 George Edwards. In recognition of his many contributions to aeronautical engineering, particularly in the realization of supersonic aircraft.
1973 Martin Ryle. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to radioastronomy.
1973 Rodney Robert Porter. In recognition of his penetrating investigations on the structure of immunoglobulins.
1973 Edward Penley Abraham. In recognition of his outstanding work on the isolation, characterization and development of the cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
1972 Derek Barton. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to organic chemistry, especially his theories on the conformation of organic molecules and his syntheses of natural products.
1972 Francis Harry Compton Crick. In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology.
1972 Wilfrid Bennett Lewis. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the science and technology of heavy water reactors for power generation.
1971 Gerhard Herzberg. In recognition of his distinguished experimental researches in atomic and molecular spectroscopy and its applications in chemistry, physics and astronomy.
1971 Max Ferdinand Perutz. In recognition of his pioneering work on the molecular biology and structure of proteins.
1971 Percy Edward Kent. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to oil and gas exploration and the geology of oil and gas fields.
1970 Kingsley Charles Dunham. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to pure and applied geology, and especially in the field of metallic ore deposits.
1970 William Albert Hugh Rushton. In recognition of his distinguished work on the visual pigments in the living eye and on chemical and nervous adaptation in the retina.
1970 John Baker. In recognition of his fundamental and applied work on the plastic behaviour and design of framed structures which is now being used throughout the world.
1969 George Edward Raven Deacon. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to physical oceanography and for his leadership as director of the National Institute of Oceanography.
1969 Frederick Sanger. In recognition of his pioneer work on the sequence of amino acids in proteins and of nucleotides of ribonucleic acids.
1969 Charles William Oatley. In recognition of his distinguished work in the wartime development of radar and latterly for the design and development of a highly successful scanning electron microscope.
1968 Michael Francis Atiyah. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to algebraic geometry and to the study of differential equations by the methods of algebraic topology.
1968 Walter Thomas James Morgan. In recognition of his outstanding contributions to knowledge of the chemistry of blood-group substances, with special reference to genetical as well as immunological considerations.
1968 Gilbert Roberts. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to civil engineering, and in particular to the design and construction of long-span suspension bridges.
1967 Cecil Edgar Tilley. In recognition of his many distinguished contributions in all branches of retrology.
1967 John Zachary Young. In recognition of his outstanding researches correlating neural structure with function.
1967 Joseph Hutchinson. In recognition of his distinguished work on the genetics and evolution of crop-plants with particular reference to cotton.
1966 John Ashworth Ratcliffe. In recognition of his distinguished studies in the ionosphere and on the propagation of radio waves.
1966 Frank Yates. In recognition of his profound and far-reaching contributions to the statistical methods of experimental biology.
1966 Christopher Sydney Cockerell. In recognition of his pioneering invention, and major contributions to the subsequent development of hovercraft.
1965 Raymond Arthur Lyttleton. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to astronomy, particularly for his work on the dynamical stability of galaxies.
1965 John Cowdery Kendrew. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the complete structural analysis of a protein molecule (myoglobin), particularly the biological aspects of this study.
1965 Henry Charles Husband. In recognition of his distinguished work in many aspects of engineering, particularly for his design studies of large structures such as those exemplified in the radio telescopes at Jodrell Bank and Goonhilly Downs.
1964 Michael James Lighthill. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the flow of compressible gases, and the mathematical theory of distributions.
1964 Francis William Rogers Brambell. In recognition of his important contribution to our understanding of the passage of protein from maternal to foetal circulations.
1963 Robert Hill. In recognition of his distinguished work in biochemistry of plants, especially for his contributions to knowledge of photosynthesis.
1963 Herbert Harold Read. In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the understanding of the processes of rock metamorphism and the origins of granite.
1962 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. In recognition of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics, particularly those related to the stability of convective motions in fluids with and without magnetic fields.
1962 John Eccles. In recognition of his distinguished investigations of the function of the spinal cord, particularly of the mechanisms of excitation and inhibition.
1961 Cecil Frank Powell. In recognition of his pioneering work on the development of the photographic emulsion technique in the investigation of cosmic rays and the outstanding results derived therefrom on the elementary particles in cosmic radiation.
1961 Wilfrid Le Gros Clark. In recognition of his outstanding contributions to neuroanatomy and primate morphology, which he has combined to provide new knowledge of human evolution.
1960 Alfred Charles Bernard Lovell. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to radio astronomy.
1960 Roy Cameron. In recognition of his distinguished contributions in the field of cellular pathology.
1959 Rudolf Ernst Peierls. In recognition of his distinguished work on the theoretical foundations of high energy and nuclear physics.
1959 Peter Brian Medawar. In recognition of his distinguished contributions in the field of tissue transplantation immunity and acquired tolerance.
1958 Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to physics, and particularly for his experimental and theoretical studies of collision phenomena in gases.
1958 Alan Lloyd Hodgkin. In recognition of his distinguished work on the mechanism of excitation and conduction in nerve and muscle.
1957 William Vallance Douglas Hodge. In recognition of his distinguished work on algebraic geometry.
1957 Frederick Gugenheim Gregory. In recognition of his distinguished studies in plant physiology.
1956 Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin. In recognition of her distinguished work in the elucidation of structures of penicillin, vitamin B12 and other important compounds by the methods of X-ray crystallography.
1956 Owen Thomas Jones. In recognition of his distinguished studies in the Palaeozoic rocks, particularly in Wales, his work on sediments, his palaeontological researches and the application of geological knowledge to practical problems.
1955 Alexander Todd. In recognition of his distinguished work in organic chemistry.
1955 Vincent Brian Wigglesworth. In recognition of his distinguished experimental contributions of outstanding value to many aspects of insect physiology.
1954 John Cockcroft. In recognition of his distinguished work on nuclear and atomic physics.
1954 Hans Adolf Krebs. In recognition of his discovery of two key reactions in animal metabolism and for his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of cell energetics.
1953 Nevill Francis Mott. In recognition of his eminent work in the field of quantum theory and particularly in the theory of metals.
1953 Paul Fildes. In recognition of his classical researches on growth factors for bacteria and for laying the foundation of work leading to a rational approach to chemotherapy.
1952 Christopher Kelk Ingold. In recognition of his extensive theoretical and practical studies of the mechanism of organic chemical reactions and the factors influencing them; and for his analysis of the structure of benzene.
1952 Frederic Bartlett. In recognition of his creation of an experimental school of psychology which has established under his leadership an outstanding position recognized internationally as without superior.
1951 Ian Heilbron. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to organic chemistry, notably in the field of vitamin A and polyene synthesis.
1951 Howard Florey. In recognition of his distinguished contributions to pathology by his studies of the functions of mucin and by his work on penicillin and other antibiotics.
1950 Edward Appleton. For his work on the ele [sic] transmission of electromagnetic waves round the earth and for his investigations of the ionic state of the upper atmosphere.
1950 Carl Frederick Abel Pantin. For his contributions to the comparative physiology of the Invertebrata, particularly his work on nerve conduction in Crustacea and Actinozoa.