Anthony Butterworth has made important contributions to our knowledge of the immunology and epidemiology of parasitic worms, with a particular focus on Schistosoma, which are responsible for the human infection, schistosomiasis. According to the World Health Organization, schistosomiasis is the second most socioeconomically devastating parasitic disease, after malaria.

Anthony combined laboratory research with long-term field studies in regions where schistosomiasis is found, including sub-Saharan Africa, the Philippines, South America and the United States. His comprehensive studies have advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of the disease, including acquired immunity, and paved the way for potential vaccine candidates.

He has received a number of honours and awards in recognition of his pioneering work. These include the 1990 King Faisal International Prize for Medicine and the Chalmers Medal of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in the same year. He is also a former trustee of international water and sanitation charity Pump Aid.