Tidy up space junk now - or put the brakes on space exploration for a generation

UK Space scientists have designed the world’s first space litter picker to clean up some of the junk whizzing around the Earth. The scientists, from Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, will be showcasing the tech behind their rubbish collecting space craft at the Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition opening today.

Space is full of junk left over from past space missions: from flecks of paint to used rockets, dead satellites, also debris from past collisions of space junk.

This junk needs to be cleared soon or it could devastate communication systems on Earth and destroy space stations. The Surrey Space centre team are working on the world’s first space litter-picking mission- an out of this world engineering challenge.

Junk is speeding around the Earth at several thousand miles per hour. At those speeds even small pieces of rubbish just fractions of a millimetre across can damage communication satellites which are vital for the web, mobile phones, and satellite navigation on earth. Junk that’s just 10cm across could completely obliterate a space station.

If we don’t start work to get rid of the junk in space now, in a decade it could cause major problems. Junk speeding round the Earth could make it too dangerous to leave the Earth’s atmosphere and might put an end to space exploration for a generation, say the team.

They will be launching a test mission into space, RemoveDebris, in early 2017. The project is funded by the European Commission, led by the Surrey Space Centre and involves a range of European partners including Airbus DS France, Airbus DS Germany, Airbus DS UK and SSTL (Surrey Satellite Technology Limited).

Dr Jason Forshaw, Surrey Space Centre project manager on the RemoveDebris team said:

“Various orbits around the Earth that are commonly used for satellites and space missions are full of junk, which is a significant danger to our current and future spacecraft. Certain orbits – which are commonly used for imaging the earth, disaster monitoring and weather observation – are quickly filling up with junk, which could jeopardise the important satellites orbiting there.  A future big impact between junk in that orbit could result in a real life ‘Gravity-like’ chain reaction of collisions.

The international community needs to start working together now to remove space junk.  The space around Earth is part of Earth’s environment and keeping it clean is a common responsibility.  Our mission, RemoveDebris, is one of the first concerted efforts to pioneer future technologies to remove space junk.”

The RemoveDebris team have designed a set of engineering systems to help clean up space. 

• One of the systems being put to the test in their 2017 mission uses a net (like a fishing net) to grab junk. Once captured the rubbish could then be dragged behind a space craft, like a tow truck, as it returns to Earth. The heat of re-entry would cause pieces of junk to burn up as they enter the atmosphere. Very large pieces would fall safely into the centre of the Pacific Ocean, far away from civilisations. In the RemoveDebris mission, their main spacecraft will release a tiny metal 10 cm cube as “artificial junk” to test the net on.  This proof of concept will open doors to real litter-picking missions.
• Another of the systems tests a “dragsail” which can be in future attached to larger pieces of rubbish. The sail works like those on boats but instead of being pushed along by wind the sail is pushed by photons of light from the sun. The sail will drive the junk out of its orbit causing it to start spiralling back into the Earth’s atmosphere. The sails are made from a special material which will be on display at the Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition.

Space junk - the facts:

• There are about 7000 tonnes of junk in space, ranging from flecks of paint, used rockets, dead satellites, also debris from past collisions.
• The European Space Agency owns the largest piece of junk. It is called Envisat and is 8.5 tonnes.  It is over 10 m long.
• When pieces of junk collide they start a chain reaction. In 2009 two satellites, Iridium 33 and Kosmos 225, collided at a speed of 26,000 mph which lead to over 1000 pieces of junk being created.
• There are over 170 million pieces of debris smaller than 1 cm but they can still devastate a satellite. Last month Tim Peake shared a photo of a chip in the window of the International space station caused by a tiny piece of space debris just a fraction of a millimetre across.
• The international space station (ISS) has special shields (Whipple Shielding) that protect it from space junk- though it is still covered in hundreds of dents from small impacts.
• The ISS regularly moves out of the way to avoided larger pieces of space junk.
• Only in the last several years regulations have come in to reduce junk.  It is currently law in France that all future missions within the Earth’s orbit must return to Earth within 25 years. In other countries this 25 year rule is only advisory, but not law. 
• All items bigger than 10 cm are tracked. We don’t have a map of where all the smaller pieces are.
• Currently there are few solutions for getting rid of small pieces of junk. One idea is to use a laser to nudge them off course and out of orbit.