Edvard Moser is interested in neural network coding in the brain, with emphasis on space, time and memory. His work, conducted in collaboration with May-Britt Moser, includes the discovery of grid cells in the brain's position system. Their current focus is on unravelling how space and time emerge from interactions between large numbers of neurons with known functional identity, an endeavour significantly boosted by the development of Neuropixels probes and 2-photon miniscopes for freely-moving rodents – technologies that the Mosers have participated in developing.

Edvard Moser received his initial training at the University of Oslo under the supervision of Per Andersen. He received postdoctoral training in the U.K. with Richard Morris and John O'Keefe. In 1996 he accepted a faculty position at NTNU, where he became a professor in 1998. With May-Britt Moser he founded the Centre for the Biology of Memory in 2002, the Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience in 2007, the Centre for Neural Computation in 2013, and the Centre for Algorithms in the Cortex in 2023. The Mosers have received numerous awards, including the 2014 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology.