Fellow
Elected: 1971
For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain,
On 'Egg cytoplasm and gene control in development'.
On 'How an egg makes an embryo: the initiation of cell differentiation'.
Jointly with Shinya Yamanaka for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.
For his outstanding contributions to the techniques of nuclear transplantation and the use of the amphibian egg for investigations on replication, transcription and translation of genes.
Given in Australia.
In the field of medicine for his introduction of the xenopus oocyte into molecular biology and his demonstration that the nucleus of a differentiated cell and of the egg differ in expression but not in the content of genetic material.