Animal, vegetable or mineral? A continuum of form
Professor Stephen Hyde, Australian National University, Australia
Abstract
The morphologies of biological materials — from body shapes to membranes within cells -- are typically curvaceous and flexible, in contrast to the angular, facetted shapes of inorganic matter. An alternative dichotomy has it that biomolecules typically assemble into aperiodic structures in vivo, in contrast to inorganic crystals. This lecture will explore the evolution of our understanding of structures across the spectrum of materials, from living to inanimate, driven by those naive beliefs. The idea that there is a clear distinction between these two classes of matter has waxed and waned in popularity through past centuries. Our current understanding, driven largely by detailed exploration of biomolecular structures at the sub-cellular level and more recent explorations of sterile soft matter, makes it clear that this is a false dichotomy. Liquid crystals and other soft materials are common to both living and inanimate materials. The older picture of disjoint universes of forms is better understood as a continuum of forms, with significant overlap and common features unifying biological and inorganic matter. In addition to the philosophical relevance of this perspective, there are important ramifications for science. For example, the debates surrounding extra-terrestrial life, the oldest terrestrial fossils and consequent dating of the emergence of life on earth rests to some degree on prejudices inferred from the supposed dichotomy between life-forms and the rest.
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Professor Stephen Hyde, Australian National University, Australia
Professor Stephen Hyde, Australian National University, Australia
Stephen Hyde was born in Melbourne in 1958. After completing an undergraduate degree in Physics at UWA (Perth) and Monash (Melbourne) he moved to Europe, working briefly in an industrial research lab in Utrecht (SKF), before quitting to avoid military research and gaining a research post with Prof. Sten Andersson in Lund (Sweden), where he started exploring minimal surface geometries in condensed materials with Sten and Prof. Kåre Larsson. This work formed the basis for a PhD at Monash (1986). Since then he has remained interested in exploring curvilinear geometries and topology in soft liquid crystalline materials in vivo and in vitro, hard atomic and polymolecular frameworks and hybrid composites. He attempts to maintain efforts on experimental and theoretical fronts, from geometry and theoretical crystallography to synthesis of novel mesostructured materials.
Living crystals: the enigmatic functions of biological cubic membranes
Professor Yuru Deng, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, China
Abstract
Biological cubic membranes (CM) represent an ordered 3-dimensional fold of typically 2-dimensionally extended flat lipid bilayer structures that occur in all living systems and that function to partition intracellular compartments. CM follow mathematically well-defined geometries but are, nevertheless, highly dynamic structures that respond to environmental cues. While the specific functions of CM are still a matter of discussion, an increasing body of evidence suggests a vital and protective role for CM in stressed or diseased cells. The perhaps best-characterized CM transition has been observed in the mitochondrial inner membranes of free-living giant amoeba (Chaos carolinense). In this ancient organism, cells are able to survive under rather extreme conditions such as lack of food, fluctuations of ambient temperature or osmolarity, or oxidative stress. Upon food depletion, mitochondrial inner membranes in this organism undergo rapid and reversible changes in 3D organization, providing a valuable model to study sub-cellular organelle adaptations. In mammalian cells, CM are frequently observed in conjunction with viral infections, leading to the proposition that they may represent a platform for virus particle assembly, perhaps triggered by reprogramming of host lipid (cholesterol) metabolism. Last but not least, I will discuss a potential role of CM in mitochondria of retintal photoreceptor cone cells of small mammals treeshrews (Tupaia belangeri) that may serve as UV filter, micro-lens and/or wave-guide, based on theoretical simulations.
Fedorov coined the aphorism 'crystallization is death'. Instead, crystalized CM may indeed be indispensable to ensure stressed cell survival and bear a fascinating potential for technological and biomedical exploitation.
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Professor Yuru Deng, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, China
Professor Yuru Deng, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, China
Professor Deng received her undergraduate degree in Dentistry from Kaohsiung Medical University of Taiwan and her PhD degree in Biophysical Sciences from State University of New York at Buffalo, USA. Her postdoctoral training was at Wadsworth Centre (Albany, NY, USA) investigating cubic membrane nanostructures in mitochondria by TEM tomography. 2002-2013 she was assistant professor at National University of Singapore where she has established an independent research group specializing in cubic membrane research in various biological systems. In 2013 she was appointed as full professor of biomedical engineering at Changzhou University, China. She is internationally recognized as a pioneer in cubic membrane research, which is an emerging field in biomedicine and nano-technology. Her research interests are focused on the characterization and biological significance of cubic membranes as well as their potential applications as diagnostic biomarkers for human diseases, as novel gene delivery vehicles and 3D biological photonic crystals.
Bio-mimetics and soft robotics
Professor George Whitesides, Harvard University, USA
Abstract
Biomimicry can occur an any scale, from that of molecules to that of macroscopic organisms. This talk will discuss structures fabricated in organic elastomers (so-called “soft robots”) that mimic some of the motions of invertebrates (starfish, insects, squid), and the possible applications of these structures.
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Professor George Whitesides, Harvard University, USA
Professor George Whitesides, Harvard University, USA
George M. Whitesides. Woodford L. and Ann A. Flowers University Professor. Born, 1939, Louisville, KY. A.B., Harvard, 1960. Ph.D., 1964, California Institute of Technology (with J.D. Roberts). Faculty: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1963 to 1982; Harvard University, 1982-present.
Memberships and Fellowships: Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, American Philosophical Society; Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Institute of Physics, American Physical Society, New York Academy of Sciences, World Technology Network, and American Chemical Society; Foreign Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Science; Honorary Member of the Materials Research Society of India; Honorary Fellow of the Chemical Research Society of India, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Royal Society of Chemistry (UK); Foreign Associate of the French Academy of Sciences; Honorary Professor, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India.
Present research interests include: physical and organic chemistry, materials science, biophysics, complexity and emergence, surface science, microfluidics, optics, self-assembly, micro- and nanotechnology, science for developing economies, catalysis, energy production and conservation, origin of life, rational drug design, cell-surface biochemistry, simplicity, infochemistry, electromagnetic and flames, and soft robots and machines.
Biomimetic adhesive microstructures as an approach to understand functioning biological systems
Professor Stanislav Gorb, Kiel University, Germany
Abstract
Biological hairy attachment systems have robust adhesion and high reliability of contact. Previous comparative experimental studies on biological systems showed the way to development of novel glue-free adhesives. While producing the reversible adhesives, mimicking the gecko attachment system, still remains the main direction of research in the field, very convincing results have been achieved in manufacturing adhesive microstructures inspired by male chrysomelid beetles. Comparative studies on microstructures with different contact geometries showed that beetle-inspired mushroom-shaped adhesive microstructure (MSAMS) even outperform the gecko-inspired spatula-shaped geometry under certain conditions. Adhesion of MSAMS is reversible and even stronger under water. MSAMS demonstrated stick-slip free friction and lower impact of contamination by particles. MSAMS can keep its adhesive capability over thousands of attachment cycles. On rough substrates, their performance can be enhanced by the introduction of fluid into the contact zone. Additionally, the development of MSAMS provides an opportunity for biologists to run experiments, which would be otherwise only hardly possible with real biological system. The present lecture discusses how the knowledge obtained from studies on MSAMS can be applied to understanding function of biological adhesive systems of insects.
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Professor Stanislav Gorb, Kiel University, Germany
Professor Stanislav Gorb, Kiel University, Germany
Stanislav Gorb is a group leader at the Zoological Institute of the University of Kiel, Germany. He received his PhD degree in zoology and entomology at the Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kiev, Ukraine. Gorb was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Vienna, Austria, a research assistant at University of Jena, a group leader at the Max Planck Institutes for Developmental Biology in Tübingen and for Metals Research in Stuttgart, Germany.
Gorb’s research focuses on morphology, structure, biomechanics, and evolution of surface-related functional systems in animals and plants, as well as the development of biologically inspired technological surfaces and systems. He received the Schlossmann Award (1995), Science Award of the Donors’ Association for the Promotion of Science in Germany (2005), International Forum Design Gold Award (2011); Materialica "Best of" Award (2011), Transfer-Price of Schleswig-Holstein (2011) and was the BioFuture Competition winner for his works on biological attachment devices (1998). Gorb has authored three books; more than 300 papers in peer-reviewed journals; and four patents. He is corresponding member of Academy of the Science and Literature Mainz (since 2010), Germany and member of the National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, Germany (since 2011).
Fluid Dynamics and Self-Organization of Cytoplasmic Streaming
Professor Ray Goldstein FRS, University of Cambridge, UK
Abstract
Organisms show a remarkable range of sizes, yet the dimensions of a single cell rarely exceed 100 microns. While the physical and biological origins of this constraint remain poorly understood, exceptions to this rule give valuable insights. A well-known counterexample is the aquatic plant Chara, whose cells can exceed 10 cm in length and 1 mm in diameter. Two spiraling bands of molecular motors at the cell periphery drive the cellular fluid up and down at speeds up to 100 microns/s, motion that has been hypothesized to mitigate the slowness of metabolite transport on these scales and to aid in homeostasis. This is the most organized instance of a broad class of continuous motions known as “cytoplasmic streaming", found in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms - alga, plants, amoebae, nematodes, and flies - often in unusually large cells. In this overview of the physics of this phenomenon, we examine the interplay between streaming, transport and cell size, and discuss the possible role of self-organization phenomena in establishing the observed patterns of streaming.
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Professor Ray Goldstein FRS, University of Cambridge, UK
Professor Ray Goldstein FRS, University of Cambridge, UK
Ray Goldstein received undergraduate degrees in chemistry and physics from MIT, and a PhD in physics from Cornell University. In postdoctoral work at the University of Chicago and faculty positions in physics and applied mathematics at Princeton University and the University of Arizona he focused on nonlinear dynamics and pattern formation in physics and biology. He moved in 2006 to the University of Cambridge as the Schlumberger Professor of Complex Physical Systems. He has published papers on a wide variety of subjects, from integrable systems to experimental fluid mechanics, cellular biophysics, and geophysics.
Recognition of his work includes the Stephanos Pnevmatikos Award in Nonlinear Science, the William Hopkins Prize of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, the 2012 Ig Nobel Prize in Physics, and Fellowship of the Royal Society.
Photosynthesis-inspired redesign of membrane protein architectures for capturing and storing solar energy
Professor Neil Hunter FRS, University of Sheffield, UK
Abstract
Photosynthesis, the ultimate source of all food and most energy resources on Earth, starts with the absorption of solar energy. However, sunlight is a diffuse energy source so an extensive light-harvesting (LH) antenna, consisting of thousands of pigment molecules, is required to absorb this energy and funnel it to specialised chlorophyll (Chl)-protein complexes called reaction centres (RCs). Here, the absorbed energy initiates a series of electron transfer reactions that capture some of the solar energy, prior to its storage in a chemical form that powers cellular metabolism. The antenna consists of repeating protein components called light-harvesting complexes that hold chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments in specific orientations and in close proximity to one another, ensuring efficient energy transfer to the RC. LH and RC complexes are 5-30 nanometres (nm) in size, forming energy trapping macromolecular membrane assemblies that extend to ~500 nm. The timescales are correspondingly short, and solar energy is transiently stored as a charge separation within 100 picoseconds of light capture.
Extensive spectroscopic and structural research has told us a great deal about these early events in photosynthesis, and computational models are addressing the collective energy transfer and trapping behavior of large-scale protein arrays, identifying desirable design motifs for artificial photosynthetic systems. New architectures for coupled energy transfer and trapping, consisting of mesoscale arrays of photosynthetic complexes, have been fabricated on a variety of surfaces using several lithographic approaches. The aim is to advance our understanding of natural energy-converting systems and to guide the design and production of proof-of-principle devices for biomimetic systems to capture, convert and store solar energy. Ultimately, we can envisage the design and construction of new proteins, cells and organisms with enhanced energy capturing functions.
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Professor Neil Hunter FRS, University of Sheffield, UK
Professor Neil Hunter FRS, University of Sheffield, UK
Professor Neil Hunter FRS, Krebs Professor of Biochemistry, University of Sheffield. Born 1954, Yorkshire, U.K. B.Sc, Leicester University 1975, Ph.D, Bristol University 1978. Postdoctoral fellowships at Rutgers University and Bristol University. Lecturer at Imperial College London 1984-88, Sheffield University 1988-present.
Memberships, fellowships, honorary degrees. Biochemical Society, Society of General Microbiology, Biophysical Society, American Chemical Society; Charles and Joanna Busch Postdoctoral Fellowship, 1978; SRC Postdoctoral Fellowship, 1980; D.Sc, Bristol University, 1996; Elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society in 2009; Honorary Professor, Qinqdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology 2012; Visiting Professorship, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2012, Honorary Professor, Shanghai JiaoTong University. European Research Council Advanced Award 2014-19.
Research Activities. Neil Hunter investigates the molecular genetics, biochemistry and biophysics of photosynthesis. The biosynthesis of carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments; the assembly of pigments and apoproteins into light harvesting and reaction centre pigment-protein complexes; the structure, function and membrane organisation of these complexes and their integrated roles in energy harvesting and trapping; the surface nanofabrication of functional photosystem arrays.
Bioinspired genotype-phenotype linkages: mimicking cellular compartmentalisation for the engineering of functional proteins
Dr Florian Hollfelder, University of Cambridge, UK
Abstract
The idea of compartmentalization of genotype and phenotype in cells is key for enabling Darwinian evolution. This contribution describes bioinspired systems that use in vitro compartments – water-in-oil droplets and gel-shell beads - for the directed evolution of functional proteins. Technologies based on these principles promise to provide easier access to protein-based therapeutics, reagents for processes involving enzyme catalysis, parts for synthetic biology and materials with biological components.
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Dr Florian Hollfelder, University of Cambridge, UK
Dr Florian Hollfelder, University of Cambridge, UK
Florian Hollfelder was educated at the Technical University of Berlin (Diplom-Chemiker) and Cambridge University (MPhil). After a formative stay at Stanford (with Dan Herschlag on free-energy relationships in enzymes) he joined Tony Kirby’s group at the Chemistry Department of Cambridge University working on enzyme models and physical-organic chemistry. During his PhD he also collaborated with Dan Tawfik (on the mechanism and evaluation of model enzymes such as catalytic antibodies). His postdoctoral work at Harvard Medical School (with Chris T. Walsh) was concerned with the biosynthesis and action of the natural antibiotic microcin B17. In 2001 he returned to Cambridge to start independent research at the University’s Biochemistry Department. His group’s research is centred around quantitative and mechanistic questions at the chemistry/biology interface, involving low- and high-throughput approaches.
Climbing with adhesion: from bio-inspiration to bio-understanding
Professor Mark Cutkosky, Stanford University, USA
Abstract
Bio-inspiration is an increasingly popular design paradigm, especially as robots venture out of the laboratory into the world. Animals are adept at coping with the variability that the world imposes. With advances in scientific tools for understanding biological structures in detail, we are increasingly able to identify design features that account for animals' robust performance. In parallel, advances in fabrication methods and materials are allowing us to engineer artificial structures with similar properties. The resulting robots become a useful platform for testing hypotheses about which principles are most important. Taking gecko-inspired climbing as an example, we show that the process of extracting principles from animals and adapting them to robots provides insights for both robotics and biology.
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Professor Mark Cutkosky, Stanford University, USA
Professor Mark Cutkosky, Stanford University, USA
Mark R. Cutkosky is the Fletcher Jones Professor in Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University. He joined Stanford in 1985, after working in the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University and as a design engineer at ALCOA, in Pittsburgh, PA. He received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University in 1985.
Cutkosky's research activities include robotic manipulation and tactile sensing and the design and fabrication of biologically inspired robots. He has graduated over 40 Ph.D. students and published extensively in these areas. He consults with companies on robotics and human/computer interaction devices and holds several patents on related technologies. His work has been featured in Discover Magazine, The New York Times, National Geographic, Time Magazine and other publications and has appeared on NOVA, CBS Evening News, Next @CNN and other popular media.
Cutkosky’s awards include a Fulbright Faculty Chair (Italy 2002), Fletcher Jones and Charles M. Pigott Chairs at Stanford University and an NSF Presidential Young Investigator award. He is a fellow of ASME and IEEE. Cutkosky’s laboratory can be found at http://bdml.stanford.edu
Bio-inspired membrane-based systems for a physical approach of cell organization and dynamics: usefulness and limitations
Directrice de Recherche Patricia Bassereau, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche Laboratorie Physico-Chimie, France
Abstract
Being at the periphery of each cell compartments as well as of the entire cells and interacting with a large part of cell components, cell membranes participate to most of their vital functions. Biologists have worked for a long time on deciphering how membranes are organized, how they contribute to trafficking, motility, cytokinesis, cell-cell communications, information transport etc..., using top-down approaches and always more advanced techniques. In contrast, physicists have developed bottom-up approaches and minimal model membrane systems of growing complexity in order to build-up general models that explain how cell membranes work and their interactions with proteins or cytoskeleton. We will review the different model membrane systems that are currently available, how they can help deciphering cell functioning but also list their limitations. Model membrane systems are also used in synthetic biology and can have potential applications. We will eventually discuss the possible synergy between the development of complex in vitro membrane systems in a biological context and for technological applications. Questions that could also be discussed are: what can we still do with synthetic systems, where do we stop building-up and which are the alternative solutions?
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Directrice de Recherche Patricia Bassereau, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche Laboratorie Physico-Chimie, France
Directrice de Recherche Patricia Bassereau, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche Laboratorie Physico-Chimie, France
Patricia Bassereau is currently CNRS Directrice de Recherche (equivalent to professor) at the Institut Curie in Paris where she is the leader of the group "Membranes and cellular functions". She started her carrier in soft matter. She worked seven years in Montpellier (GDPC) on the structure of self-assembled surfactant-based systems and one year as a visiting scientist at the IBM Almaden Center (San Jose, USA) on the structure of thin films of polymers. In 1993, she came to the Institut Curie. She first studied the interactions of soluble proteins with polymer monolayers, but soon after started to address questions related to "Physics of the cell." She develops a multidisciplinary approach, largely based on synthetic biology and on the development and study of biomimetic systems, to understand the role of lipid membranes in important cellular functions such as intracellular trafficking, endo/exocytosis, transmembrane transport of ions ("active membranes"), protein diffusion or cell adhesion.