Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy

Fusion holds the promise of providing growing world energy demand with a carbon-free power source having a universally available fuel source and attractive safety and environmental characteristics. A significant world effort has been underway for over 50 years aimed at the achievement of fusion by inertial confinement. The effort to date has necessarily emphasised understanding the physics of compressing and heating a small amount of fusion fuel to the high densities and temperatures required for ignition and energy gain. Though steady progress has been, and is still being, made to achieve the required physics understanding and energy gain, those goals have not yet quite been met. In preparing a roadmap from present achievements to the ultimate goal of commercial fusion power requires formally identifying and implementing complementary efforts on a number of fronts. These include the choice, development and demonstration of high repetition rate compression drivers (eg lasers) to succeed present day single pulse sources; design, fabrication and testing of high gain targets (gain of order 100); development of mass production, cost-effective, target fabrication and delivery systems capable of inserting targets into the reaction chamber several times per second, and demonstrating ability to accurately hit and efficiently compress those targets to reliably produce the required fusion yields; design and demonstration of reaction chambers capable of handling energy yields and target debris clearing at the levels required for achieving high power plant reliability with low induced radioactivity. A robust ongoing effort on competitive power plant conceptual design is necessary to guide the implementation of the roadmap, including the timing and level of effort on the “beyond ignition” demonstrations.

Dr Stephen O Dean, Fusion Power Associates, USA

Dr Stephen O Dean, Fusion Power Associates, USA

Dr Stephen O Dean has worked on the development of fusion for energy for over 50 years. In 1966 he co-authored the United States Atomic Energy Commission’s Policy and Action Plan for Controlled Thermonuclear Research. In 1976, he led the preparation of a fusion plan that provided the basis for the Magnetic Fusion Energy Engineering Act of 1980. In 1979, he co-founded Fusion Power Associates (http://fusionpower.org) a non-profit research and educational foundation. He currently serves as its president. He holds a BS Physics from Boston College, SM Nuclear Engineering from MIT and Physics PhD from the University of Maryland. His PhD thesis involved experiments on laser-produced plasmas while working at the US Naval Research Laboratory (1969–1972). His book Search for the Ultimate Energy Source (Springer, 2013) traces the history of the US fusion program from its inception. He is a Fellow of the American Nuclear Society.

Fusion energy holds the prospect of an energy source that is clean, safe, affordable, and limitless. It will transform the global energy system. Today, over $1 billion in private capital has been invested in companies that are working on transformative approaches to fusion. Annually, even more than that is spent on fusion research by governments around the world. However, just achieving a scientific demonstration of fusion power will not be enough on its own to transition the global energy system. It will require innovations in the legal, regulatory, commercial, and political spheres to support the massive deployment of fusion power that we know will be necessary to meet the global challenges of climate change and energy scarcity. That means, we need a global partnership combining scientific, political, government, and media expertise to build the fusion energy economy that will support the massive global deployment. The Fusion Industry Association (FIA) is the unified voice of the fusion industry, working to transform the energy system with commercially viable fusion power. Only founded in 2018, the FIA has already succeeded in creating new multi-million-dollar public–private partnership programs with the US Department of Energy. To support that transition, the FIA has three strategic priorities for accelerating fusion energy: 1) partnering with governments: the private sector should have access to the scientific research that governments have pursued for decades. Public–private  partnerships that include government support to private fusion companies can rapidly accelerate fusion development by driving private financial support. 2) Building a fusion movement: the world should know how important clean, safe, affordable, and secure fusion will be to the future energy system. FIA is educating key stakeholders in the private, public, and philanthropic sectors about the importance of tomorrow’s fusion power economy. 3) Ensuring regulatory certainty: fusion research, development, and deployment should be subject to appropriate, risk-informed regulation when experiments are built and sited. In addition to strategic priorities of the FIA, this talk will discuss the specific aspects of inertial fusion energy that present commercial and political advantages. 

Mr Andrew Holland, Fusion Industry Association, USA

Mr Andrew Holland, Fusion Industry Association, USA

Andrew Holland is the Executive Director of the Fusion Industry Association (FIA). Located in Washington, DC, Holland has worked at the intersections of science, energy, policy, and politics for two decades. He’s the author of the “Fusion Power – A 10 Year Plan for American Energy Security,” first published in 2013, laying out a roadmap for American leadership in fusion. Since creating the FIA in 2018, he has brought together 20 of the leading fusion companies to jointly coordinate on areas of common interest. He has advocated for commercial fusion power with the highest levels of governments, coordinated with regulators, and pitched private investors for greater support to fusion. He holds a MSc. in International Strategy and Economics from the University of St. Andrews and currently resides in Alexandria, VA.

Professor Tynan and his team examine the characteristics that fusion technology will need to have if it is to survive in the emerging low-carbon energy system of the mid-21^st century. It is likely that the majority of future electric energy demand will be provided by the lowest marginal cost energy technology, which in many regions will be stochastically varying renewable solar and wind electric generation coupled to systems that provide a few days of energy storage. Firm low-carbon/zero-carbon resources based on gas-fired turbines with carbon capture, advanced fission reactors, hydroelectric and perhaps engineered geothermal systems will then be used to provide the balance of load in a highly dynamic system operating in competitive markets governed by merit-order pricing mechanisms that select the lowest-cost supplies to meet demand. These firm sources will have overnight capital costs in the range of a few $/Watt, be capable of cycling down to a fraction of their nameplate capacity, operate at low utilisation fraction, and have a suitable unit size probably of order 100MW. If controlled fusion using either magnetic confinement or inertial confinement approaches is to have any chance of providing a material contribution to future electrical energy needs, it must demonstrate these key qualities and at the same time prove robust safety characteristics that avoid the perceived dread risk that plagues nuclear fission power, avoid generation of long-lived radioactive waste, and demonstrate highly reliable operations. 

*Acknowledgements: Professor George Tynan wishes to acknowledge important discussions with David Victor, Ryan Hanna, Michael Davidson, Ahmed Abdulla and Jesse Jenkins.

Professor George Tynan, UC San Diego, USA

Professor George Tynan, UC San Diego, USA

Professor Tynan's current research is focused on the plasma physics of controlled nuclear fusion as an energy source. He studies the fundamental physics of turbulent transport in hot confined plasmas using both smaller scaled laboratory plasma devices as well as large scale fusion experiments located around the world. In addition, he is investigating how solid material surfaces interact with the boundary region of fusion plasmas, and how the materials are modified by that interaction. He is also interested in the larger issue of transitioning to a sustainable energy economy based upon a mixture of efficient end use technologies, large scale deployment of renewable energy sources, and incorporation of a new generation of nuclear technologies such as advanced fission and fusion reactor systems.  He received his PhD in 1991 from the Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering at the University of California, Los Angeles. He then spent several years studying the effect of sheared flows on plasma turbulence on experiments located in the Federal Republic of Germany and at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and joined the UCSD faculty in 1999.

Almost 30 years since the last UK nuclear test it remains necessary to regularly underwrite the safety and effectiveness of the National Nuclear Deterrent. To do so has been possible to date because of the development of continually improving science and engineering tools running on ever more powerful High-Performance Computing platforms and underpinned by cutting edge experimental facilities. While some of these facilities, such as the Orion laser, are based in the UK, others are accessed by international collaboration. This is most notably with the USA via capabilities such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF), the Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility (DARHT) and the Los Alamos Neutron Science Centre (LANSCE) to name but a few, but also with France where a joint hydrodynamics facility is nearing completion following establishment of a Treaty in 2010. Despite the remarkable capability of the science and engineering tools, there is an increasing requirement for experiments as materials age and systems inevitably evolve further from what was specifically trialled at underground nuclear tests (UGTs). While the data from such tests will remain the best possible representation of the extreme conditions generated in a nuclear explosion, it is also essential that new capabilities are realised that will bring us closer to achieving laboratory simulations of these conditions. For High Energy Density Physics the most promising technique for generating temperatures and densities of interest is Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF). We will therefore need ICF for Certification of the deterrent in decades to come and hence work closely with the international community to develop this science.

Professor Andrew Randewich, AWE plc, UK

Professor Andrew Randewich, AWE plc, UK

After completing a PhD in plasma physics, Andrew joined AWE in 1997 in the High Altitude Nuclear Effects Team where he developed a novel capability to model Nuclear Induced Van Allen Belts, worked on Electromagnetic Pulse phenomenology, and won the Discovery Award for Early Career Scientific Innovation. Andrew later worked on thermonuclear burn modelling in support of Inertial Confinement Fusion and as a Team Leader in the Computational Physics Group. Since then, Andrew managed the Physics Certification programme and later led the High Performance Computing Group where he was involved in the procurement and installation of some of the largest computers in the UK. After acting as Head of Design Physics, Andrew was appointed Head of Plasma Physics in 2011. The Department’s main role is using high power lasers to underwrite high energy density physics simulations. Andrew was Asset Manager for the ORION laser, one of the largest science capital investments in the UK and managed several other science facilities. Also in 2011, Andrew became Head of Profession for Physics and in 2013 moved to be AWE Chief Scientist in which role he assured AWE Science and Capability and led the company’s Strategic External Outreach. He is now Head of Physics comprising 550 staff. Andrew was appointed as a visiting Professor at Imperial College, London in 2012, and is a Chartered Physicist, a Chartered Engineer and a Fellow of the Institute of Physics. Andrew was part of the 2015 Review of the US NNSA Inertial Confinement Fusion and High Energy Density Science Review in 2015 and sits on the NIF Management Advisory Committee and NNSA’s 2020 ICF, Ignition and High Yield Red Team Review Panel.

At the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the need to ensure the continuing reliability of the US nuclear deterrent has been the driver for a remarkable set of scientific advances in theory, computation, and experiments. In particular, the need to probe the physics of fusion ignition and matter at extremes of temperature, pressure, and density has driven extensive focus on high-energy-density (HED) science and inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research.

Novel experimental platforms and a wide range of diagnostic tools are delivering data to improve our models of hydrodynamic behavior, radiation transport, and material properties and to address the known barriers to fusion ignition. These ever-growing experimental opportunities provide a rich environment for developing the skills of our next-generation workforce and building collaborations with the worldwide HED community.

LLNL-ABS-805614

This work is performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.

Dr Kimberly S Budil, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA

Dr Kimberly S Budil, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA

Kim Budil is the Principal Associate Director for Weapons and Complex Integration at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). She is responsible for the programs that ensure the safety, security, and effectiveness of the Nation’s nuclear deterrent and advancing the supporting science, technology, and engineering capabilities of the Stockpile Stewardship Program (SSP). Prior to this, she served as the Vice President for National Laboratories at the University of California Office of the President (UCOP) where she led the University’s oversight and governance of LLNL, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). She has served on many committees, including the LLNS/LANS Mission Committee and the National Academies Committee on International Security and Arms Control (CISAC), and has served as a board member for the Hertz, LANL, and Livermore Lab Foundations. Prior to joining UCOP, Budil worked for nearly three decades at LLNL. She joined LLNL in 1987 as a graduate student and held a variety of increasingly responsible positions across the Laboratory working in Weapons and Complex Integration, National Ignition Facility, Physical and Life Sciences, and Global Security. She served twice as a detailee in Washington, DC, most recently in 2009, spending nearly two years as a Senior Adviser to the Under Secretary for Science at the Department of Energy (DOE). She has MS and PhD degrees in Applied Science/Engineering from University of California, Davis and a BS in Physics from the University of Illinois at Chicago. Dr Budil also completed a certificate in National Security Affairs from the Bush School at Texas A&M University.

From Bethe to Betti, fusion research and the exploration of ‘hot’ science has been part of US and UK lexicons since the 1940s. Since that time, the search for ways to understand, contain, and use the energy of fusion has been part of nationwide research efforts in government, industry, and academia. This talk will cover past, present, and future highlights and opportunities in the area of inertial confinement fusion for stockpile stewardship.

Dr Njema J Frazier, NNSA Office of Experimental Sciences, USA

Dr Njema J Frazier, NNSA Office of Experimental Sciences, USA

Dr Njema J Frazier is a member of the Senior Executive Service and the Director of the Office of Experimental Sciences at the Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). As Director, Dr Frazier serves as a senior expert in the field of experimental sciences and related research and development, as applied to the behavior and reliability of nuclear weapons. Dr Frazier has been with NNSA since 2001 and has previously served as Physicist, Acting Deputy, and Acting Director for a number of NNSA’s flagship scientific and technical programs established to ensure the United States maintains a safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons stockpile without explosive nuclear testing.  Prior to joining the NNSA, Dr Frazier was a professional staff member for the US House of Representatives Committee on Science. A long-time trailblazer in science, Frazier was the first African-American woman to graduate with a physics degree from Carnegie Mellon University, as well as the first to receive a PhD in nuclear physics from Michigan State University.

Laser direct drive (LDD), along with laser indirect (x-ray) drive (LID) and magnetic drive with pulsed power is one of the three viable approaches to achieving fusion ignition and gain in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). In this talk the present status and future plans for LDD will be  presented. The program is being executed on both the OMEGA at Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) and the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). LDD research on OMEGA includes cryogenic implosions, fundamental physics including material properties, hydrodynamics, and laser-plasma interaction physics. LDD research on NIF is focused on energy coupling and laser plasma interactions physics at ignition scale plasmas. Limited implosions on NIF in the ‘Polar Drive’ configuration where the irradiation geometry is optimised for LID are also a feature of LDD research. LDD implosions on OMEGA, developed by a statistical data based model that employs machine learning, have achieved record performance and hydrodynamically scaled to NIF energies would be predicted to produce fusion yields approaching a MegaJoule. Systematic experiments enabled by the high shot rate of OMEGA and advanced diagnostics to explore three dimensional implosion performance are routinely fielded to understand degradation mechanisms that limit the fusion performance and to develop mitigation strategies. Laser-plasma interaction (LPI) physics continues to be a major focus of LLD research. Innovative diagnostics for example that measure electron distribution functions on a single shot and increased laser/facility capabilities that enable a quantitative understanding of LPI over a range of plasma conditions created at both OMEGA and NIF have advanced our understanding of LPI. The present state of research and future plans to eventually determine acceptable operating parameters and laser requirements  for LDD ignition will be presented.  All present major ICF facilities are based on laser science and technology developed decades ago. To increase the operating space for target designs, LLE has developed a concept for producing a broadband (bandwidth >10 THz) UV laser with a flexible pulse format. This concept and plans for demonstrating the laser and conducting experiments on both LPI suppression and laser imprint will also be discussed in the presentation.

Dr Mike Campbell, Director Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, USA

Dr Mike Campbell, Director Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, USA

E. Michael Campbell is the Director of the Laboratory for Laser Energetics. Dr Campbell received his BSc in Engineering and Applied Science (1972) from the University of Pennsylvania, his MSc in Applied Physics (1974) from Princeton University, and his Doctor of Science (2005) from the University of Western Sydney. After positions as Associate Director of Laser Programs at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Senior Vice President, Energy Group, at General Atomics, Director of Energy Systems at Logos Technologies, and Senior Scientist at Sandia National Laboratories, he joined the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics (UR/LLE) in 2015. Dr Campbell is an internationally known expert in inertial fusion, high-energy-density physics, high power lasers and their applications, and advanced energy technologies including Generation IV nuclear fission reactors and biofuels. He has won numerous awards including the Department of Energy’s E. O. Lawrence Award, American Physical Society’s John Dawson Award, the American Nuclear Society’s Edward Teller Award, and the Leadership Award of Fusion Power Associates. He is a Fellow of the American Physical. He holds four patents (and one pending) and has published over 200 articles in the scientific literature. Dr Campbell has been a member of numerous committees providing advice and strategy, including the National Academy of Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Berkeley National Laboratory, University of Texas, the National Research Council of Canada, and Lockheed Martin Corporation. He presently serves on the Board of Evans and Southerland Corporation.

In this talk, Professor Tikhonchuk will consider the motivation, recent results and perspectives for the ICF studies conducted in Europe in collaboration with other research laboratories worldwide. After recalling the basic principles of the inertial fusion and its major advantages and issues, he will advocate the European approach based on the direct drive scheme with the preference for the central ignition boosted by a strong shock. It was chosen about ten years ago within the framework of the HiPER project, and the collaboration is maintained thanks to the support of the EuroFusion consortium. Compared to other schemes, shock ignition offers a higher gain needed for design of a future commercial reactor and relatively simple and technological targets, but implies a more complicated physics of laser-target interaction, energy transport and ignition. Unfortunately, Europe today does not dispose a laser installation allowing integrated ICF experiments. Consequently, the Europe laboratories are addressing physical issues of shock ignition scheme related to the target design, laser plasma interaction and implosion by the code developments and conducting experiments in collaboration with US and Japanese physicists providing access to their installations Omega and Gekko XII. Some examples of the resent results will be presented. The ICF research in Europe can be further developed only if European scientists will acquire their own academic laser research facility specifically dedicated to the controlled fusion energy. It should not be limited to the ignition issues but aim beyond ignition to the physical, technical, technological and operational problems related to the future fusion power plant. Such a programme may be realised only if the ICF community demonstrate to the political deciders that there is a critical mass of scientists and a significant amount of scientific and technical knowledge guaranteeing the success. Professor Tikhonchuk will show that indeed, there are strong arguments for that. Compared to the magnetic confinement, inertial confinement offers more compact and less expensive reactors, much smaller tritium inventory and a more efficient modular design. Recent results show significant progress in: i) our understanding and simulation capabilities of the laser plasma interaction and implosion physics; ii) our understanding of materials behaviour under strong mechanical, thermal and radiation stresses; and iii) commissioning at ELI Beamlines the first high energy laser facility with a high repetition rate opens opportunity for qualitatively innovative experiments. Professor Tikhonchuk believes that by consolidating these achievements and better organising European scientific community we may build a new international project for the inertial fusion energy in Europe.

Professor Vladimir Tikhonchuk, CELIA, University of Bordeaux, France

Professor Vladimir Tikhonchuk, CELIA, University of Bordeaux, France

Vladimir Tikhonchuk is recognized for his contributions to the understanding of laser-plasma coupling, laser-driven parametric instabilities, electron energy transport and the original design of alternative schemes for inertial confinement fusion. After receiving his PhD from the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute in 1974, he joined the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow where he received a Doctor of Science degree in 1987. From 2001 to 2017 he has been professor at the University of Bordeaux and leader of theoretical plasma group at the Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA). After his retirement in 2017 he is Professor Emeritus at the University of Bordeaux and consulting the ELI-Beamline laboratory at the Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague. He was recognized in 2008 becoming a Senior Member of the Institut Universitaire de France, and in 2017 received the Edward Teller Award from the American Nuclear Society.