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Decarbonisation of electricity supply and land transport to meet net zero in the UK

12 May 2022 07:30 - 17:30

This conference brought together national and international leaders in energy storage systems and was attended by participants from across academia, industry and government.

Background

A previous event  Energy storage – automotive and grids at the Royal Society explored how high performance energy storage systems will be essential in developing a sustainable future economy and their potential for next generation technologies to change the way we live. Over the last four years however we have seen that while the challenge to meet net zero has remained the same, the potential of novel technology and use of hydrogen, ammonia, and synthetic fuels to meet the energy storage challenge has increased with a parallel increase in investment. 

This conference explored key issues associated with implementing decarbonisation technologies for the national electricity supply and land transport to meet net zero in the UK. Topics discussed included the development of electrification through batteries and other alternatives, and the coordination of an increasingly diverse and dispersed electricity system.

Organisers

  • Professor Peter Bruce FRS

    Peter Bruce is Wolfson Professor of Materials at the University of Oxford. His research interests embrace materials chemistry and electrochemistry, with a particular emphasis on energy storage. Recent efforts have focused on the synthesis and understanding of new cathode materials for lithium and sodium ion batteries, understanding processes in all solid-state batteries and the challenges of the lithium-air battery. His pioneering work has provided many advances.

    Peter has received numerous awards, including the Tilden Prize of the RSC, the Carl Wagner Award of the ECS, the Liversidge Award of the RSC and the Hughes Medal of the RS. He has also been recognised as a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate Analytics each year since 2015.

    Peter is a founder and Chief Scientist of the Faraday Institution, the UK centre for research on electrochemical energy storage. Peter took up the position of Physical Secretary and Vice President of the Royal Society in 2018.

  • Dame Sue Ion GBE FREng FRS

    Dame Sue Ion GBE FRS FREng is Hon President of the National Skills Academy for Nuclear. She was previously Chairman of the UK Nuclear Innovation Research Advisory Board (NIRAB). She represents the UK on a number of international review and oversight committees for the nuclear sector including the Euratom Science and Technology Committee which she chaired until late 2018. She was the only non-US member of the US Department of Energy’s Nuclear Energy Advisory Committee on which she has served from 2005-2020.She currently serves as a member of the Office of Nuclear Regulation Independent Advisory Panel.

    Sue spent 27 years with British Nuclear Fuels Ltd (BNFL) rising to the position of Chief Technology Officer in 1992, a post she held until 2006 when she assumed a number of mainly voluntary roles in Science and Engineering, including membership of the UK Council for Science and Technology and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). She was Vice President of the Royal Academy of Engineering 2002-2008 and chaired its MacRobert Committee 2013-2019. Sue was Deputy Chair of the Board of the University of Manchester until September 2018 and currently serves on the Board of the University of Central Lancashire.

    Her core expertise is in materials science and engineering associated with the nuclear sector. Sue is a member of the Chief Scientific Advisor for Wales’s Science and Innovation Advisory Council. She has been a Visiting Professor in the Department of Materials at Imperial College since 2006, holds an Honorary Professorship at the University of Manchester and is now Chair of the Royal Society Science, Industry and Translation Committee.

  • Ian Ellerington, Faraday Institution

    Ian heads up technology transfer for the Faraday Institution and builds bridges between research outcomes and industry needs. He joined the Faraday Institution after six years in central government where he worked on designing and implementing innovation programmes in the energy sector. He was responsible for the government’s energy innovation programme in the Department of Energy and Climate Change and continued in the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy as Head of Disruptive Energy Technologies and Green Finance Innovation.

    Ian’s background is in engineering with more that 20 years of experience, as a research project manager, developing new products and in operational management in the public and private sectors.

Schedule

Chair

Professor Peter Bruce FRS

Chair

Dame Sue Ion GBE FREng FRS

08:20 - 08:35 The growth potential of renewable energy supply, managing variability and barriers to deployment

Renewable electricity growth is accelerating faster than ever worldwide. Technology innovation has enabled rapid cost reductions, far surpassing expectations, and wind and solar are now much cheaper sources of generation than fossil fuels. The UK has led the world in decarbonising its power system, and can further accelerate the growth of renewables by addressing key barriers, such as permitting and regulatory processes, improving grid infrastructure, and ensuring a coordinated approach. With record-high international gas prices, a rapid expansion of UK renewable capacity will help to ensure energy security and enable us to reach Net Zero cheaper, and faster. 

Juliette Sanders, Director, Strategic Communications Energy-UK

08:35 - 08:50 Non-intermittent decarbonised electricity generation: nuclear and geothermal challenges and technology and knowledge gaps

In the development of the future energy system, balancing base load generation with peaking capacity is key. Large-scale nuclear energy generation is well-suited to provision of base load, which maximises the benefits of the large capital investment. Similarly, thermal sources such as geothermal provide constant sources of thermal energy. Balancing base load and peaking plant will be increasingly challenging with a greater level of renewable generation on the grid. The role of energy storage will be a key factor in getting the most out of nuclear and geothermal. These issues will be explored.

Professor Martin Freer, Director, Energy Research Accelerator

08:50 - 09:10 The future of decarbonised electricity in the UK: the national perspective

National Grid ESO sits at the heart of operating the GB Electricity Transmission System. As renewables have grown over the past decade the ESO has adapted to ensure a safe and reliable network, and is on target to operate carbon-free for periods in 2025. The talk sets out some of those challenges already solved and the next challenges that must be overcome in order to operate a carbon free network in 2035.

Matthew Magill, Zero Carbon Operations Senior Manager, National Grid ESO

09:10 - 09:30 The future of decarbonised electricity in the UK: a perspective from the energy markets

The talk will offer a summary of the likely steps needed to decarbonise the GB power system by 2035. These include deployment of different forms of low-carbon generation capacity, together with the wider system and market changes that will likely be needed to enable these developments and to integrate low-carbon generation and low-carbon transport into a secure system.

Dan Monzani, Managing Director, Aurora Energy Research

09:30 - 10:00 Panel Discussion and Q&A

Matthew Magill, Zero Carbon Operations Senior Manager, National Grid ESO

Dan Monzani, Managing Director, Aurora Energy Research

Professor Martin Freer, Director, Energy Research Accelerator

Juliette Sanders, Director, Strategic Communications Energy-UK

10:30 - 10:50 Advancing battery technology to support the next generation of energy storage

Britishvolt aims to establish the first UK battery cell ‘giga-plant’, implementing a sustainable, advanced technology and manufacturing strategy to deliver on the exacting needs of our customers and assist in the acceleration of sustainable transport and the renewable energy sector.  Although road going automotive is the primary market target for Britishvolt, the static energy storage system sector is also of key interest.  This talk will present an overview of battery technology, the challenges of large volume production to support those markets and the research and development pathways being pursued to support a next generation of automotive and energy-storage battery technology as enablers of a pathway to decarbonisation. 

Dr Allan Paterson, Chief Technical Officer, Britishvolt

10:50 - 11:10 Chemical storage solutions and challenges

Chemical storage, in the form of fossil fuels, dominated electricity system storage over the last century. As the share of renewables increases, batteries are likely to provide short-term storage, but there will also be a need for longer-term storage on timescales of weeks to seasons. Chemical storage can provide this in the form of hydrogen or ammonia, which are zero-carbon, have low capital costs per unit of stored energy, and have negligible storage losses. The talk will examine the characteristics of hydrogen storage technologies and will explore the potential and scale of hydrogen storage to provide carbon-free peak power generation at times of low renewable supply. It will conclude by considering whether the role of hydrogen storage might reduce if opportunities to integrate hydrogen into the wider energy system are realised.

Professor Paul Dodds. Professor of Energy Systems, UCL

11:10 - 11:30 The benefits and challenges of electrical energy storage by means of mechanical systems

The available mechanical methods for storing energy in electrically transmissible form are described along with their place in the energy storage landscape. Issues including response time, duration, scale, sustainability, use of resources and lifetime cost are addressed, allowing technologies to be compared to battery based systems where applicable. The question of under which circumstances mechanical systems could provide a better solution is asked. This is answered and illustrated by examples relating to both electricity supply and transport. Finally, some research questions are raised, the answers to which could help inform our understanding of the provision of electrical energy storage.

Note: Given the title of the conference “Decarbonisation of electricity supply and land transport to meet net zero in the UK”, the presentation covers mechanical means of storing electrical energy as opposed to widening to also include heat storage. This will bring more focus to what is already a wide subject. 

Professor Keith Pullen, Professor of Energy Systems, City University of London

11:30 - 12:00 Panel Discussion and Q&A

Professor Paul Dodds. Professor of Energy Systems, UCL

Professor Keith Pullen, Professor of Energy Systems, City University of London

Dr Allan Paterson, Chief Technical Officer, Britishvolt

13:00 - 13:20 Using batteries: status, challenges and new technology requirements

As the world transitions from a carbon-dependent to a renewable-energy-based society, decarbonization of power sectors has quickly become a critical step in meeting emission reduction targets. This is becoming increasingly important in order to meet the rising demand for electric power in the transportation industry. This presentation will outline the strategies that OEMs are currently employing in order to meet consumer demand while also offering a typical product with little to no environmental impact.

Dr Valentina Gentili, Senior Tech Specialist, Jaguar Land Rover

13:20 - 13:40 The status and potential of ammonia for energy storage and transport: future steps and challenges

The energy equivalent of the current annual global production, storage and transportation of ammonia dwarfs by factors of thousands the numbers associated with hydrogen. 

While the future of passenger vehicles, at least in high-income countries, focuses on lithium battery technologies, the maritime industry, with its one hundred thousand horsepower deep-ocean container ships, sees ammonia as its leading future green fuel. 

With batteries favoured for short-range passenger vehicles and ammonia seriously being considered for the most challenging of transport technologies, the opportunities for hybrid high-power battery/ammonia options deserve significant consideration. Similarly, for energy storage, short-term (seconds to hours) requirements can be met by batteries while long-term and interseasonal challenges can be addressed in a dispatchable, flexible and highly distributable manner by ammonia-based solutions. 

This talk focuses on extrapolating solutions from the present status of zero-carbon containing fuels and, in particular, the challenges – both real and perceived – of ammonia-focussed energy storage and transport.

Professor Bill David FRS, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford and ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

13:40 - 14:00 Using synthetic fuels and hybrid solutions: status, challenges and new technology – Does the scale up required still decarbonise?

This talk will examine the potential for synthetic fuels to decarbonise transport, considering advantages and disadvantages of their use across sectors from marine to heavy duty trucks. The presentation will review the latest technology developments and consider scale up required to deliver decarbonisation needed to meet climate targets.

Dr Penny Atkins, Principal Research Fellow, University of Brighton

14:00 - 14:30 Variable renewable energy supply and rising demand for the grid and for transport- balancing the euphoria and the naysayers

Decarbonisation of society in the next decade will be dominated by electrification of heat and transport, and decarbonisation of electricity grids. There remain very significant challenges to electrification of the demand side, and to decarbonisation of the supply side at the scale and pace required to combat climate change.  With the recent dramatic decline in the costs of wind and solar photovoltaics the decarbonisation of the supply side is and will continue to be dominated by these variable renewables (VREs). To meet the ambitious decarbonisation goals the penetration levels of VREs will need to increase for the majority of grids. The popular press and some academic literature have claimed that 100 % VRE penetration would be relatively easily achievable. A counter-narrative maintains that it would be impossible. Neither narrative is constructive. It is technically possible to achieve 100 % VRE penetration, but it would be far from easy, and with our current technology and societal expectations around electricity it would be very expensive. It would be more accurate to argue that “it is possible to achieve 100% VRE grids, but there are many challenges that still need to be solved”. This statement will form the focus of the presentation. 

Professor Mark O'Malley, Chief Scientist, Energy Systems Integration Group

Chair

Professor Peter Bruce FRS