Advancing the science of human nutrition

04 December 2023 09:10 - 17:30 Online Free Watch online
Image of bright red beetroot slices

This conference explored how novel research in industry and academia is advancing our understanding of human nutrition.

Nutrition plays a profoundly important role in health and wellbeing. Poor nutrition is a leading cause of chronic disease, including type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and various forms of cancer. With an increasingly overweight and ageing UK population, the incidence of such diseases and the associated healthcare costs continue to rise.

This conference examined advances being made in the science of human nutrition by bringing together speakers from both industry and academia. The conference discussed how scientific breakthroughs can be translated into effective strategies for improved health, including the prevention and management of chronic disease.

A cross-sector panel discussion sought to identify the barriers to translation and the important knowledge gaps in the field. It also discussed how these can be addressed through further research and innovation in both the commercial sector and academia.

The conference concluded with a keynote from Henry Dimbleby MBE, co-founder of the Sustainable Restaurant Association, who considered emerging themes from the conference and the future of human nutrition.

About the conference series

This scientific meeting is part of the Royal Society's Transforming our Future conference series. These meetings are unique, high-level events that address the scientific and technical challenges of the next decade. Each conference features cutting edge science from industry and academia and brings together leading experts from the scientific community, including regulatory, charity and funding bodies.

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Advancing the science of human nutrition (PDF)

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Organisers

  • Dr Sarah Berry

    Dr Sarah Berry

    Sarah Berry is a Reader in Nutritional Sciences at King’s College London and Chief Scientist at ZOE Ltd. Her research interests relate to the influence of dietary components on cardiometabolic disease risk, with particular focus on personalised nutrition, postprandial lipid metabolism and food and fat structure. Since commencing her research career at King’s, she has been the academic leader for more than 30 human nutrition studies in cardio-metabolic health.

    As the Chief Scientist at ZOE Ltd, she leads the PREDICT programme of research, assessing the genetic, metabolic, metagenomic, and meal-dependent effects on metabolic responses to food in over 100,000 people. This research is at the forefront of developments in personalised nutrition and is forging a new way forward in the design and implementation of large-scale remote nutrition research studies integrating novel technologies, citizen science and AI.

    Sarah is also co-host of the free weekly ‘ZOE Science & Nutrition’ Podcast (No 1 in all UK Podcasts; May 2023), with over 10 million downloads, where she translates the latest evidence-based research across a variety of topics into useful advice for the general population.

  • Professor Richard Flavell

    Professor Richard Flavell CBE FRS

    Richard Flavell is a plant geneticist who has focused much attention on traits important in crop plants. In the last 5 years he has served as Chief Scientist in two companies in the USA. The first, Indigo, Cambridge, Mass. is an agricultural microbiome company. The second, Inari, is an agricultural plant genetics company. He is currently a consultant for companies and public sector organizations committed to plant improvement, including the International Wheat Yield Partnership. After his undergraduate degree in microbiology, his PhD in the John Innes Institute and the University of East Anglia he spent two years of postdoctoral research in Stanford University, California. He then joined the Plant Breeding Institute in Cambridge UK where he built up a large Department of Plant Molecular Genetics between 1969 and 1987. He was then appointed as Director of the John Innes Centre (JIC), Norwich and to a chair at the University of East Anglia and oversaw a large expansion of JIC’s activities and impact. In 1998 he became the Chief Scientific Officer of Ceres, a young plant genomics company in California. This became a public company and was recently bought by a multinational agricultural company. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and a Commander of the British Empire for services to science.

  • Professor Cathie Martin FRS, Group Leader, John Innes Centre and Professor of Plant Sciences, University of East Anglia

    Cathie is a group leader at the John Innes Centre and Professor at the University of East Anglia. Her interests span from fundamental to applied plant science. She researches the relationship between food and health and how crops can be fortified to improve diets and address the global challenge of escalating chronic disease. This work has involved linking leading clinical and epidemiological researchers with plant breeders and metabolic engineers to develop scientific understanding of how diet can help to maintain health, promote healthy ageing and reduce the risk of chronic disease. Cathie is also involved in genetic screens to identify crops that lack toxins that cause nutritional diseases and has recently initiated a collaborative project with China to research Chinese medicinal plants.

    Cathie was Editor-in-Chief of The Plant Cell (2008-2014) and is now an Associate Editor for Plant Physiology. She is a member of EMBO, AAAS, a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 2013 she was awarded an MBE for services to Plant Biotechnology.

  • Dr Andrew Morgan

    Dr Andrew Morgan

    Andrew is an independent consultant in health, nutrition and biosciences innovation. His current roles include Royal Society Entrepreneur in Residence in the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences at the University of Exeter and Chair of Innovate UK KTN Microbiome Innovation Advisory Board. He has over 40 years of experience with global science-based companies including holding the role of Chief Scientist to DuPont Nutrition and Health and legacy Danisco businesses (2008 to 2019). He is a former DuPont Fellow and recipient of the Lavoisier Medal Award for Lifetime Technical Achievement.

    He has had a strong interest in host-microbial interactions in plant, animal and human hosts. He was involved in and led discovery R&D over this period including the development of microbiome modulating bioproducts for human and livestock health and nutrition. He has been Chair and/or a member of various public and private sector boards including Chair of the Biosciences KTN, a member of the Governing Body of the BBSRC Institute of Food Research and an adviser to several UK- and EU-based biotech start-ups.

Schedule

09:00-09:05 Opening remarks
Professor Richard Flavell CBE FRS

Professor Richard Flavell CBE FRS

International Wheat Yield Partnership

09:05-09:25 Policy to Plate: The case of translating dietary saturated fat guidance into practice

Diet and lifestyle changes are of paramount importance in reducing risk of cardiovascular diseases, the greatest cause of death globally and a huge burden on the NHS. Translation of these nutrient-based recommendations into dietary changes is a major challenge. Provision of food-based advice and availability of foods that facilitate compliance to public health dietary guidance are key priorities in achieving this translation. This talk will present a case study of a food-chain approach to substitute saturated with unsaturated fat in dairy products that could contribute to compliance to the current saturated fat recommendations.

In response to controversy over the existing saturated fat guidance, the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) convened a working group to evaluate the evidence for the relationship between saturated fats and health. The outcomes of the working group, published in 2019, reinforced the previous guideline to consume no more than 10% total energy from saturated fats with the additional recommendation to replace saturated with unsaturated fats. However, in 2023, over 75% of the UK population exceeded these guidelines, with children, older adults and those living in poverty consuming the greatest amounts of saturated fat. This presentation will examine the evidence for the saturated fat recommendations and provide an example of how this policy can be translated to our plate.

Professor Julie Lovegrove

Professor Julie Lovegrove

University of Reading, UK

Chair

Professor Susan Lanham-New

Professor Susan Lanham-New

University of Surrey

09:40-10:00 The future of diet-related disease prevention: novel technologies and community science?

There is growing awareness of individuals'  highly variable responses to diet and lifestyle interventions and the need to move beyond 'group means' when assessing the health effects of dietary patterns, foods and nutrients. Concurrently, the area of personalised nutrition is expanding: tailoring what to eat, when, and how much for each individual to optimise their health.

Personalised nutrition research and application requires large-scale, high-precision data that integrates multiple dietary, lifestyle, physiological and multi-omic data. This has been a challenge in the past due to the constraints of conducting high precision but small scale/breadth studies (eg. randomised controlled trials) or large scale/breadth but low precision studies (eg. epidemiological studies).

This talk will demonstrate how advanced clinical technologies and community science are enabling remotely delivered interventions and large-scale remote app-based data collection at the scale, precision and breadth required to advance the science of human nutrition using three ZOE studies (Covid Symptom Study (CSS), Health Studies App and PREDICT studies) as examples. In concert with in-depth clinical, in vivo and in vitro studies, these herald a new era in nutritional science research and an exciting future for those working in the field.

Dr Sarah Berry

Dr Sarah Berry

King's College London and ZOE Ltd

10:00-10:20 Is obesity a choice?

It is clear that the cause of obesity is a result of eating more than you burn - this is physics. What is more complex to answer is why some people eat more than others. In contrast to the prevailing view, obesity is not a choice. Genetic differences mean that some of us are slightly more hungry all the time and therefore eat more than others. People who are obese are not bad or lazy. Rather, they are fighting their biology. In this talk, Giles will explore how this knowledge can be used to improve personalised treatment for obesity and inform public health policy.

Professor Giles Yeo MBE

Professor Giles Yeo MBE

University of Cambridge

10:20-10:40 Early life nutrition and the microbiome

In the ever-evolving landscape of nutritional science, the role of the human microbiome has gained significant attention. In her talk, Professor Lindsay Hall will provide an overview on the intricate interplay between human nutrition and the microbiome.

Professor Hall will draw on research findings (including some from her own team) that emphasise the profound impact of microbiome and diet interactions, particularly during the early life developmental window. She will showcase how multi-disciplinary approaches have helped reveal the pivotal role of beneficial microbes and key dietary components in shaping health outcomes in infants and their mothers. These findings highlight the microbiome's influence on digestive processes, and how this impacts immune function, and disease susceptibility.

The talk will also briefly explore the potential future of early life nutrition in the context of microbiome research, such as development of innovative dietary interventions and personalised nutritional strategies, and the challenges associated with these aims, particularly within a global health remit.

Professor Lindsay Hall, University of Birmingham, UK

Professor Lindsay Hall, University of Birmingham, UK

University of Birmingham and Quadram Institute

10:40-10:55 Q&A and discussion
Dr Sarah Berry

Dr Sarah Berry

King's College London and ZOE Ltd

Professor Giles Yeo MBE

Professor Giles Yeo MBE

University of Cambridge

Professor Lindsay Hall, University of Birmingham, UK

Professor Lindsay Hall, University of Birmingham, UK

University of Birmingham and Quadram Institute

Chair

Professor Cathie Martin FRS, Group Leader, John Innes Centre and Professor of Plant Sciences, University of East Anglia

11:30-11:50 Microbiome-derived bioactive metabolites: moving from association to causation in cardiometabolic health

The gut microbiome, the comprehensive set of bacterial genes in our guts, is now recognised as a key driver of metabolic health. The microbiome also shapes the pathophysiology and the common low-grade inflammatory components of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic diseases. However, the exact chemical signals sent from the gut microbiota to the host remain elusive to scientists.

Through machine learning and multivariate analysis of metabolomes and metagenomes, Professor Dumas's group identified microbiome signatures associated with the progression along the cardiometabolic disease spectrum. Candidate microbial metabolites were screened against panels of signalling targets to assess their bioactivity spectrum and to explain their respective mechanisms of action. In this talk, Professor Dumas will elaborate on a few examples of metabolites that are paving the way for new hypotheses and elucidation of the mechanisms impacted by the gut microbiome.

Professor Marc-Emmanuel Dumas

Professor Marc-Emmanuel Dumas

Imperial College London

11:50-12:10 Plant bioactives and health

Eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables is one of the cornerstones of dietary guidelines across the world, and rightly so. Eating fruit and vegetables is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, many different cancers and all-cause mortality. In addition to their favourable nutrient profiles, plant foods are also very rich in non-nutrient bioactive compounds, which have been widely studied for their health promoting biological activities.

Although around 5000 different bioactives have been identified to date, our knowledge is limited to only several hundred. Amongst these, polyphenols, carotenoids and sulfur-containing metabolites have been shown in models to have properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral. They have also been shown to lower blood glucose and lipid levels and improve insulin sensitivity.

Central to understanding their health benefits is the function of gut microbiota. Gut microbiota are key metabolisers of dietary bioactives and in some cases responsible for their bioactivation. At the same time, dietary bioactives can alter gut microbiota community composition and by extension its metabolic capacity. Understanding these complexities will be key if we are to maximise their potential to improve health, either through new food product developments or improved food-based dietary guidelines.

Dr Maria Traka

Dr Maria Traka

Quadram Institute, UK

12:10-12:30 Advances in biofortification

One in two children and two in three women worldwide likely have at least one micronutrient deficiency. In some countries in Africa and Asia, nine in ten women are affected. On average, 60% of the calories consumed by humans are from low-cost staple foods such as wheat, maize and rice. With 3 billion people unable to afford a healthy diet, increasing the micronutrient content of foods is vital.

Biofortification increases the nutritional value of food before harvest - making the food do the work. Plants, animal feed and animal products can be biofortified without the total reliance on additional micronutrients post-harvest. There are many methods of biofortification, including regenerative agricultural practices, the use of fertilisers, conventional selective breeding, precision breeding (gene editing) and using UV light to increase vitamin content. In 2003, the HarvestPlus project was founded as part of CGIAR, a global partnership that unites international organisations engaged in research on food security. HarvestPlus focusses on agricultural and breeding techniques to improve the nutrient density of the world's most consumed staples.

CGIAR breeders, the HarvestPlus program and country-specific expert crop breeders have developed nutrient enriched versions of the world's seven major staple crops and in 20 years have taken these foods to at least one hundred million people worldwide. This talk will discuss learnings from the nutrition impact studies, the method to scale and possibilities for all populations to benefit from biofortification.

Jenny Walton

Jenny Walton

HarvestPlus

12:30-12:45 Q&A and discussion
Jenny Walton

Jenny Walton

HarvestPlus

Professor Marc-Emmanuel Dumas

Professor Marc-Emmanuel Dumas

Imperial College London

Dr Maria Traka

Dr Maria Traka

Quadram Institute, UK

Chair

Dr Andrew Morgan

Dr Andrew Morgan

Royal Society Entrepreneur in Residence, University of Exeter

13:50-14:05 Strategies and barriers to improving diet quality across the lifecourse

Socioeconomic status (SES) has an important role to play in diet quality and nutritional intakes in the UK. For example, populations with low SES have the lowest fibre intakes. Despite public health campaigns and some reformulation and innovation in the food industry, fibre intakes remain low and below current recommendations.

Targeting behaviour change through interventions in low SES groups is supposed to reduce dietary-related health inequalities. However, differential effects of this targeting have been reported, some leading to 'intervention-generated inequalities' (where dietary interventions may increase inequalities by disproportionately benefiting groups that are not as disadvantaged as others). This effect highlights that to reduce health inequalities, nutritional interventions should be tailored to groups with low SES. Strategies to improve nutritional intake and reduce health inequalities need to take into account the agency of the target population and the resources required to achieve a healthy diet, which have been significantly reduced by the cost-of-living crisis.

In 2022, more than 11 million people in the UK struggled to access diets which deliver adequate nutrition. Of these, 4 million are currently suffering from severe food insecurity. It is these people who are most impacted by shocks to the food system because they lack the financial and psychological/psycho-social/cognitive resilience to plan and organise food provision in financially efficient ways.

This talk will consider strategies and barriers to improving diet quality in groups that are seldom heard. It will also consider the impact of low agency and food insecurity on psychological well-being.

Professor Louise Dye

Professor Louise Dye

University of Leeds

14:05-14:25 Diet for disease prevention and remission

With poor diet responsible for 11 million deaths and >250 million disability-adjusted life years annually, the main public health challenge is in improving eating habits. This talk will describe the design and some of the findings from two innovative dietary intervention studies: i) the Food4Me study and ii) the DiRECT study.

The Food4Me study was the first large, multi-country, proof-of-principle study that tested the hypothesis that a personalised nutrition approach delivered via the internet would yield bigger, sustained changes in eating behaviour than could be achieved by a conventional 'one size fits all' approach. The DiRECT study tested the hypothesis that effective weight management delivered in the primary care setting will produce sustained remission of type 2 diabetes.

This talk will discuss learnings from these two studies that may be used to design more effective dietary interventions that can be delivered cost-effectively, and at scale, and that may improve health equity.

Professor John C Mathers

Professor John C Mathers

Newcastle University

14:25-14:45 Gut hormones as therapeutic targets for appetite suppression

Targeting gut hormones for appetite suppression is a clinically available therapeutic option for weight loss in obesity with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Using analogues of the intestinal satiety hormone GLP-1 (whose enhanced secretion forms part of the beneficial responses to gastric bypass surgery) is proving particularly effective and are generally well tolerated. Weight loss efficacy is less in those with T2DM.

Although first and second generation GLP-1 analogues (such as Exenatide and Liraglutide) produce mild to moderate weight loss, newly licensed third generation drugs (such as once weekly subcutaneously injected Semaglutide) achieve greater weight loss at 10-17%. Furthermore, the dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist Tirzepatide achieves even great weight loss at average 16-23%.

There are several as yet unlicensed drugs undergoing clinical trials, including dual GLP-1/amylin analogues, such as Semaglutide/Cagrilintide, and triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon analogues, such as Retatutride (which leads to 24% weight loss in non-T2DM). In addition, some drugs are becoming easier and cheaper to manufacture, such as Orforglipron, an orally acting non-peptide GLP-1 analogue.

Additionally targeting the GLP-1 system may also be of benefit for attenuating non-food reward-based behaviours via actions on dopaminergic pathways. This could be a potential treatment for addiction. Novel potential therapeutic targets include the recently discovered liver-foregut hormone LEAP2, an endogenous antagonist for the appetite stimulating stomach-derived hormone ghrelin.

14:45-15:00 Supporting the nation’s health: A retailer’s perspective

Obesity and its associated health outcomes have strong social determinants. Asda, a UK wide business with eighteen million customers per week, has a disproportionate presence in the most deprived communities in the UK compared to all other retailers (including discounters). This means that Asda has a greater responsibility to play a proactive role in supporting customers, colleagues and communities to access healthy diets.

In this talk, Julie Dean will discuss how Asda aims to help customers and colleagues make healthier choices, and its aim is to make it easy for shoppers by offering quality and healthy options at accessible prices, as well as providing information and advice. Asda is working together with partners such as the Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), the NHS and Nesta to deliver a proportionate, evidence-based approach to improving our food environment that helps customers make healthier choices, without penalising responsible businesses or putting up the cost of a basket of shopping.

Julie will demonstrate how, by leveraging the extensive insight data a retailer holds, supermarkets can drive targeted product improvements that maximize impact. In addition, by better utilising data, supermarkets can incentivise healthier and more sustainable choices through price, promotions, range, marketing, and merchandising.

Julie Dean

Julie Dean

ASDA

15:00-15:15 Q&A and discussion
Professor Louise Dye

Professor Louise Dye

University of Leeds

Professor John C Mathers

Professor John C Mathers

Newcastle University

Julie Dean

Julie Dean

ASDA

Chair

Dr Sarah Berry

Dr Sarah Berry

King's College London and ZOE Ltd

15:45-16:45 Panel discussion

We all want the same thing - to improve the health of the population. This panel discussion will address how to achieve this within the following themes: 1) Creating a sustainable food system, 2) Rethinking science for the sake of science, 3) Working with industry in trusted and positive ways to impact policy and 4) Education for informed business and consumers.

Nusrat Kausar

Nusrat Kausar

Primary Care Dietitians, NHS and Nutribytes

Professor John O'Brien

Professor John O'Brien

Ulster University and Trends in Food Science and Technology

Professor Sumantra (Shumone) Ray

Professor Sumantra (Shumone) Ray

NNEdPro, University of Cambridge (Fitzwilliam College) and Ulster University

Professor Tim Spector FMedSci OBE, King’s College London

Professor Tim Spector FMedSci OBE, King’s College London

Dr Emma Williams

Dr Emma Williams

Nutritionists in Industry

Chair

Professor Cathie Martin FRS, Group Leader, John Innes Centre and Professor of Plant Sciences, University of East Anglia

16:45-17:05 Hacking the food system or hacking our bodies

The cost of diet-related ill health is much greater than ever imagined. The cost not only to the NHS, but to individuals and the economy, is astronomical. The government in power in 10 years' time will face huge challenges if we do not act now. The UK stands at a crossroads in the approach taken to tackling this problem.

We can either make the decision to change our bodies to accommodate what we eat, or we can change what we eat. In other words, we can hack our bodies, or we can hack the food system.

By asking the question 'will the next administration favour prevention or pharmaceuticals?', Henry will consider the potential paths we could, and should, take from these crossroads.

Henry Dimbleby MBE

Henry Dimbleby MBE

LEON and the Sustainable Restaurant Association

17:05-17:25 Q&A
Henry Dimbleby MBE

Henry Dimbleby MBE

LEON and the Sustainable Restaurant Association

Professor Cathie Martin FRS, Group Leader, John Innes Centre and Professor of Plant Sciences, University of East Anglia

Professor Cathie Martin FRS, Group Leader, John Innes Centre and Professor of Plant Sciences, University of East Anglia

Chair

Professor Cathie Martin FRS, Group Leader, John Innes Centre and Professor of Plant Sciences, University of East Anglia