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1Debate at the Harvard Museum of Natural History, Cambridge, Mass., 9 September 2009

2WWF. 2020 Living Planet Report 2020 - Bending the curve of biodiversity loss. Almond REA, Grooten M and Petersen T (Eds). WWF, Gland, Switzerland

3Cowling RM and Pressey RL. 2003 Introduction to systematic conservation planning in the Cape Floristic Region. Biol. Conserv. 122, 1-13.

4Dinerstein E et al. 2020 A “Global Safety Net” to reverse biodiversity loss and stabilize Earth’s climate. Science Advances. 6(36):eabb2824.

5Beddoe R et al. 2009 Overcoming systemic roadblocks to sustainability: The evolutionary redesign of worldviews, institutions, and technologies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 2483-9

6Ehrlich PR and Ehrlich AH. 2013 Can a collapse of global civilization be avoided? Proc. Roy. Soc. B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1754):20122845.

7Brown GR and Richerson PJ. 2014 Applying evolutionary theory to human behaviour: Past differences and current debates. J.  Bioecon. 16, 105-28.

8Ehrlich PR and Ehrlich AH. 2013 Can a collapse of global civilization be avoided? Proc. Roy. Soc. B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1754):20122845.

9Cowling RM et al. 2008. An operational model for mainstreaming ecosystem services for implementation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 9483-9488.

10McKenzie-Mohr D. 2000 Promoting sustainable behavior: An introduction to community-based social marketing.  J.  Soc. Issues 56, 543-554.

11Cowling RM and Pressey RL. 2003 Introduction to systematic conservation planning in the Cape Floristic Region. Biol. Conserv. 122, 1-13.

12Beddoe R et al. 2009 Overcoming systemic roadblocks to sustainability: The evolutionary redesign of worldviews, institutions, and technologies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 2483-9

13Pinker S. 2018 Enlightenment now: The case for reason, science, humanism, and progress. Penguin, New York.

14WWF. 2020 Living Planet Report 2020 - Bending the curve of biodiversity loss. Almond REA, Grooten M and Petersen T (Eds). WWF, Gland, Switzerland

15Beddoe R et al. 2009 Overcoming systemic roadblocks to sustainability: The evolutionary redesign of worldviews, institutions, and technologies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 2483-9

16Dasgupta P. 2010 Nature's role in sustaining economic development. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365(1537), pp.5-11.

17For example, Kubiszewski I et al. 2013 Beyond GDP: Measuring and achieving global genuine progress. Ecological economics, 93, pp.57-68.

18For example, Bregman R. 2017 Utopia for realists: And how we can get there. Bloomsbury, London.

19Brown GR and Richerson PJ. 2014 Applying evolutionary theory to human behaviour: Past differences and current debates. J.  Bioecon. 16, 105-28.

20Marean CW, Cowling RM and Franklin J. 2020 The Palaeo-Agulhas Plain: Temporal and spatial variation in an extraordinary extinct ecosystem of the Pleistocene of the Cape Floristic Region. Quat. Sci. Rev. 235, 106161.

21Penn DJ. 2003 The evolutionary roots of our environmental problems: Toward a Darwinian ecology. Quart. Rev. Biol. 78, 275-301.

22Sapolsky R. 2017 Behave. The biology of humans at our best and worst. Vintage, London.

23Ibid

24Wilson EO. 1999 Consilience: The unity of knowledge. Vintage, London.

25Costanza R. 2014 A theory of socio-ecological system change. J. Bioecon. 16, 39-44.

26Brown GR and Richerson PJ. 2014 Applying evolutionary theory to human behaviour: Past differences and current debates. J.  Bioecon. 16, 105-28.

27Sapolsky R. 2017 Behave. The biology of humans at our best and worst. Vintage, London.

28Ibid

29Costanza R. 2014 A theory of socio-ecological system change. J. Bioecon. 16, 39-44.

30Clark WC and Dickson NM. 2003 Sustainability science: The emerging research program. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 8059-8061.

31Kinzig A et al. 2003 Coping with uncertainty: A call for a new science-policy forum. Ambio 32, 330-335.

32Knight AT, Cowling RM, Rouget M, Lombard AT, Balmford A and Campbell BM. 2008. Knowing but not doing: selecting priority conservation areas and the research-implementation gap. Conservation Biology 22, 610-617.

33Funtowicz SO and Ravetz JR. 1990 Uncertainty and quality in science for policy. Springer, Berlin

34Carpenter SR and Folke C. 2006 Ecology for transformation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21, 309-315.

35Penn DJ. 2003 The evolutionary roots of our environmental problems: Toward a Darwinian ecology. Quart. Rev. Biol. 78, 275-301.

36Max-Neef MA. 2005 Foundations of transdisciplinarity. Ecol. Econ. 53, 5-16.

37Balmford A and Cowling RM. 2006 Fusion or failure. The future of conservation biology. Conserv. Biol. 20, 692-695.

38Max-Neef MA. 2005 Foundations of transdisciplinarity. Ecol. Econ. 53, 5-16.

39Ibid

40Ibid

41Wilson EO. 1999 Consilience: The unity of knowledge. Vintage, London.

42Penn DJ. 2003 The evolutionary roots of our environmental problems: Toward a Darwinian ecology. Quart. Rev. Biol. 78, 275-301.

43Max-Neef MA. 2005 Foundations of transdisciplinarity. Ecol. Econ. 53, 5-16.

44Cowling RM. 2005 The process of mainstreaming: conditions, constraints and prospects.  In Mainstreaming biodiversity in production landscapes. Petersen C and Huntley B J (Eds). Global Environment Facility, Washington DC, pp. 18-25.

45Redford K et al. 2015 Mainstreaming biodiversity: conservation for the 21st century. Frontiers Ecol. Evol. 3:137. (doi: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00137)

46Cowling RM et al. 2008. An operational model for mainstreaming ecosystem services for implementation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 9483-9488.

47Costanza R. 2014 A theory of socio-ecological system change. J. Bioecon. 16, 39-44.

48Ibid

49Holling CS. 2001 Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. Ecosystems 4, 390–405.

50Pfeffer J and Sutton RI. 1999 Knowing "what" to do is not enough: Turning knowledge into action. Calif. Manag. Rev. 42, 83-108.

51Carpenter SR and Folke C. 2006 Ecology for transformation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21, 309-315. 

52Redford K et al. 2015 Mainstreaming biodiversity: conservation for the 21st century. Frontiers Ecol. Evol. 3:137. (doi: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00137)

53Holness S et al. 2018. Bridging the research-implementation gap: Mainstreaming biodiversity into the South African mining sector. Bothalia-African Biodiversity & Conservation, 48(1), pp.1-7.

54Pierce SM, Cowling RM, Sandwith T and MacKinnon K (eds). 2002 Mainstreaming biodiversity in development. Case studies from South Africa. World Bank, Washington.

55Ibid

56Wilhelm-Rechmann A and Cowling RM. 2011 Framing biodiversity conservation for decision makers: insights from four South African municipalities. Conservation Letters 4, 73-80.

57Knight AT, Cowling RM, Boshoff A, Wilson SL and Pierce SM. 2011 Walking in STEP: Lessons for linking spatial prioritisations to implementation strategies. Biological Conservation 144, 202-211.

58McKenzie-Mohr D. 2000 Promoting sustainable behavior: An introduction to community-based social marketing.  J.  Soc. Issues 56, 543-554.

59Ibid

60Smith R J, Salazar G, Starinchak J, Thomas-Walters L and Veríssimo D. 2020) Social marketing and conservation. In Sutherland WJ, Brotherton PNM, Davies ZG, Ockendon N, Pettorelli N and Vickery JA (Eds.), Conservation research, policy and practice (pp.  309–321).  Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 

61Wilhelm-Rechmann A and Cowling RM. 2008 Social marketing as an implementation tool in complex social-ecological systems. In: Weaver A and Burns M (eds) Exploring sustainability science: A southern African perspective. SUN Press, Stellenbosch.