Award_Winner Citation AwardsMedalsLectures_ID Award_Year Event_Page_URL Michael Ashby "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to materials science, first for identifying the mechanism underlying and by modelling theoretically a number of phenomena of great importance to the materials engineer, and second for pioneering the importan" Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 1985 FW Ainger In recognition of his excellent research on piezo- and pyro- electronic ceramic materials which has led to important practical developments in acoustic devices and infrared detectors. Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 1988 Kenneth Jack "In recognition of his outstanding work on ceramics, in particular that on sialons and their subsequent applications." Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 1988 William Bonfield "In recognition of his pioneering and innovative work in biomaterials, in particular in developing the concept of a hydroxyapatite reinforced polymer composite." Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 1991 JD Birchall In recognition of his outstanding work on inorganic materials including the development of strong ceramic fibres and high strength macro-defect-free cement. Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 1993 JE Evetts "In recognition of his many significant contributions to the study and application of superconducting materials, amorphous magnetic alloys and multi-layered materials." Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 1993 MJ Goulette In recognition of his outstanding work in the field of gas turbine materials and the development of new super alloys and advanced composites such as titanium matrix composites and ceramic matrix composites. Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 1995 Harry Bhadeshia "In recognition of his outstanding work in the field of solid state phase transformation in steels, in particular for his research into the bainite transformations and for his invention of a carbide-free bainitic steel with enhanced wear and fracture resis" Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 1997 David Pettifor "In recognition of his outstanding work in the development of phenomenological structure maps for binary and pseudo-binary alloys known as the 'Pettifor Maps', and his vision and leadership in establishing the Materials Modelling Laboratory at Oxford with " Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 1999 John Hunt "In recognition of his outstanding and wide-ranging and definitive theoretical and experimental research on solidification of materials, and for his contributions to industrial casting processes." Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 2001 Derek Fray "In recognition of his outstanding contribution to work in the fields of extractive metallurgy and materials chemistry, in particular for his leading role in the development of the FCC process for the reduction of titanium and other metals from their oxide" Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 2003 John Kilner "In recognition of his work in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). His fundamental work has been focused on the control of oxygen transportation in ceramic materials, and most recently in applying this in his development of solid oxide fuel cells." Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 2005 Alan Windle "In recognition of his work in the areas of liquid crystalline polymers, computational modelling, and carbon nanotubes." Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 2007 Anthony Kinloch In recognition of his outstanding work in adhesion science and technology. Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 2009 Philip Withers In recognition of his pioneering use of neutron and hard x-ray beams to map stresses and image defects in industrial scale components and devices. Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 2010 Peter Woulfe "Experiments made in order to ascertain the nature of some Mineral Substances, and in particular to see how far the Acids of Sea-Salt and of Vitriol contribute to Mineralize Metallic and other Substances." Bakerian Lecture 1775 Peter Woulfe Bakerian Lecture 1776 Peter Woulfe Bakerian Lecture 1777 John Ingen-Housz Electrical Experiments to explain how far the Phenomena of the Electrophorus may be accounted for by Dr Franklins Theory of Positive and Negative Electricity. Bakerian Lecture 1778 John Ingen-Housz Improvements in Electricity. Bakerian Lecture 1779 Tiberius Cavallo Thermometrical Experiments and Observations. Bakerian Lecture 1780 Tiberius Cavallo An Account of some Thermometrical Experiments. Bakerian Lecture 1781 Tiberius Cavallo An Account of some Experiments relating to the Property of Common and Inflammable Airs of pervading the Pores of Paper. Bakerian Lecture 1782 Tiberius Cavallo Description of an improved Air Pump. Bakerian Lecture 1783 Tiberius Cavallo An Account of some Experiments made with the new improved Air Pump. Bakerian Lecture 1784 Tiberius Cavallo Magnetical Experiments and Observations. Bakerian Lecture 1785 Tiberius Cavallo Magnetical Experiments and Observations. Bakerian Lecture 1786 Tiberius Cavallo "Of the Methods of manifesting the Presence, and ascertaining the Quality, of small Quantities of Natural or Artificial Electricity." Bakerian Lecture 1787 Tiberius Cavallo On an Improvement in the Blow Pipe. Bakerian Lecture 1788 Tiberius Cavallo Magnetical Experiments and Observations. Bakerian Lecture 1789 Tiberius Cavallo A Description of a new Pyrometer. Bakerian Lecture 1790 Tiberius Cavallo On the Method of Measuring Distances by means of Telescopes furnished with Micrometers. Bakerian Lecture 1791 Tiberius Cavallo "An Account of the Discoveries concerning Muscular Motion, which have been lately made, and are commonly known by the name of Animal Electricity." Bakerian Lecture 1792 George Fordyce An Account of a New Pendulum. Bakerian Lecture 1793 Samuel Vince "Observations on the Theory of the Motion and Resistance of Fluids; with a Description of the Construction of Experiments, in order to obtain some fundamental Principles." Bakerian Lecture 1794 Samuel Vince Bakerian Lecture 1795 Samuel Vince Bakerian Lecture 1796 Samuel Vince Experiments upon the Resistance of Bodies moving in Fluids. Bakerian Lecture 1797 Samuel Vince Observations upon an unusual Horizontal Refraction of the Air; with Remarks on the Variations to which the lower Parts of the Atmosphere are sometimes subject. Bakerian Lecture 1798 Samuel Vince Bakerian Lecture 1799 Thomas Young On the Mechanism of the Eye. Bakerian Lecture 1800 Thomas Young On the Theory of Light and Colours. Bakerian Lecture 1801 William Hyde Wollaston Observations on the Quantity of Horizontal Refraction; with Method of measuring the Dip at Sea. Bakerian Lecture 1802 Thomas Young Experiments and Calculations relative to Physical Optics. Bakerian Lecture 1803 Samuel Vince Observations on the Hypotheses which have been assumed to account for the cause of Gravitation from Mechanical Principles. Bakerian Lecture 1804 William Hyde Wollaston On the Force of Percussion. Bakerian Lecture 1805 Humphry Davy On some Chemical Agencies of Electricity. Bakerian Lecture 1806 Humphry Davy "On some new Phenomena of Chemical Changes produced by Electricity, particularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalies, and the Exhibition of the new Substances, which constitute their Bases." Bakerian Lecture 1807 Humphry Davy "An Account of some new Analytical Researches on the Nature of certain Bodies, particularly the Alkalies, Phosphorus, Sulphur , Carbonaceous Matters, and the Acids hitherto undecompounded; with some general Observations on Chemical Theory." Bakerian Lecture 1808 Humphry Davy "On some new Electro-Chemical Researches, on various objects, particularly the Metallic Bodies from the Alkalies and Earths; and on some Combinations of Hydrogen." Bakerian Lecture 1809 Humphry Davy "On some of the Combinations of Oxymuriatic Gas and Oxygen, and on the Chemical Relations of these Principles to Inflammable Bodies." Bakerian Lecture 1810 Humphry Davy Bakerian Lecture 1811 William Hyde Wollaston On the Elementary Particles pf certain Crystals. Bakerian Lecture 1812 William Thomas Brande On some new Electro-Chemical Phenomena. Bakerian Lecture 1813 William Thomas Brande On the Composition and Analysis of the inflammable Gaseous Compounds resulting from the destructive Distillation of Coal and Oil; with some Remarks on their relative heating and illuminating power. Bakerian Lecture 1819 Henry Kater "On the best kind of Steel, and form, for a Compass Needle." Bakerian Lecture 1820 Edward Sabine "An Account of Experiments to determine the Amount of the Dip of the Magnetic Needle in London , in August 1821; with Remarks on the Instruments which are usually employed in such determination." Bakerian Lecture 1821 John F.W. Herschel On certain Motions produced in Fluid Conductors when transmitting the Electric Current. Bakerian Lecture 1823 Humphry Davy On the Relations of Electrical and Chemical Changes. Bakerian Lecture 1826 George Pearson Researches to discover the Faculties of Pulmonary Absorption with respect to Charcoal. Bakerian Lecture 1827 William Hyde Wollaston On a Method of rendering Platina malleable. Bakerian Lecture 1828 Michael Faraday On the manufacture of Glass for Optical Purposes. Bakerian Lecture 1829 Michael Faraday Experimental Researches in Electricity; Second Series. Bakerian Lecture 1832 Samuel Hunter Christie "Experimental Determination of the Laws of Magneto-Electric Induction in different masses of the same metal, and its intensity in different metals." Bakerian Lecture 1833 Charles Lyell On the Proofs of a gradual Rising of the Land in certain parts of Sweden. Bakerian Lecture 1835 John William Lubbock On the Tides of the Port of London. Bakerian Lecture 1836 William Henry Fox Talbot Further Observations on the Optical Phenomena of Crystals. Bakerian Lecture 1837 James Ivory On the Theory of the Astronomical Refractions. Bakerian Lecture 1838 William Snow Harris Inquiries concerning the Elementary Laws of Electricity. Bakerian Lecture 1839 George Biddell Airy On the Theoretical Explanation of an apparent new Polarity of Light. Bakerian Lecture 1840 George Newport On the Organs of Reproduction and the Development of the Myriapoda. Bakerian Lecture 1841 James David Forbes On the Transparency of the Atmosphere and the Law of Extinction of the Solar Rays in passing through it. Bakerian Lecture 1842 Charles Wheatstone An Account of several new Instruments and Processes for determining the Constants of a Voltaic Circuit. Bakerian Lecture 1843 Richard Owen "A Description of certain Belemnites, preserved, with a great proportion of their soft parts, in the Oxford Clay, at Christian-Malford, Wilts." Bakerian Lecture 1844 Charles Giles Bridle Daubeny "Memoir on the Rotation of Crops, and on the Quantity of Inorganic Matters abstracted from the Soil by various Plants under different circumstances." Bakerian Lecture 1845 James David Forbes Illustrations of the Viscous Theory of Glacier Motion. Bakerian Lecture 1846 William Robert Grove On certain Phenomena of Voltaic Ignition and the Decomposition of Water into its constituent Gases by Heat. Bakerian Lecture 1847 Revd William Whewell "Researches on the Tides. Thirteenth Series. On the Tides of the Pacific, and on the Diurnal Inequality." Bakerian Lecture 1848 Michael Faraday Experimental Researches in Electricity. Twenty-Second Series. Bakerian Lecture 1849 Thomas Graham On the Diffusion of Liquids. Bakerian Lecture 1850 Michael Faraday Experimental Researches in Electricity. Twenty-Fourth Series. Bakerian Lecture 1851 Charles Wheatstone Contributions to the Physiology of Vision. Part II. On some remarkable and hitherto unobserved Phenomena on Binocular Vision (continued). Bakerian Lecture 1852 Edward Sabine "On the Influence of the Moon on the Magnetic Declination at Toronto, St Helena, and Hobarton." Bakerian Lecture 1853 Thomas Graham On Osmotic Force. Bakerian Lecture 1854 John Tyndall On the Nature of the Force by which Bodies are repelled from the Poles of a Magnet; to which is prefixed an account of some experiments on Molecular Influences. Bakerian Lecture 1855 William Thon On the Electro-dynamic Qualities of Metals. Bakerian Lecture 1856 Michael Faraday Experimental Relations of Gold (and other metals) to Light. Bakerian Lecture 1857 John Peter Gassiot On the Stratifications and dark band in Electrical Discharges as observed in Torricellian Vacua. Bakerian Lecture 1858 Edward Frankland Researches on Organo-metallic Bodies. Fourth Memoir. Bakerian Lecture 1859 William Fairbairn Experimental Researches to determine the Law of Superheated Steam. Bakerian Lecture 1860 John Tyndall "On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the Physical Connexion of radiation, Absorption and Conduction." Bakerian Lecture 1861 Warren De la Rue "On the Total Solar Eclipse of 18 July 1860, observed at Rivabellosa, near Miranda de Ebro in Spain." Bakerian Lecture 1862 Henry Clifton Sorby On the Direct Correlation of Mechanical and Chemical Forces. Bakerian Lecture 1863 John Tyndall Contributions to Molecular Physics: being the Fifth Memoir of Researches on Radiant Heat. Bakerian Lecture 1864 Henry Enfield Roscoe On a Method of Meteorological Registration of the Chemical Action of Total Daylight. Bakerian Lecture 1865 James Clerk Maxwell On the Viscosity or Internal Friction of Air and other Gases. Bakerian Lecture 1866 Frederick Augustus Abel Researches on Gun-Cotton. (Second Memoir). On the Stability of Gun-Cotton. Bakerian Lecture 1867 Henry Enfield Roscoe Researches on Vanadium. Bakerian Lecture 1868 Thomas Andrews The Continuity of the Gaseous and Liquid States of Matter. Bakerian Lecture 1869 John William Dawson "On the Pre-Carboniferous Flora of North-Eastern America, and more especially on that of the Erian (Devonian) Period." Bakerian Lecture 1870 Charles William Siemens "On the Increase of Electrical Resistance in Conductors with Rise of Temperature, and its Application to the Measure of Ordinary and Furnace Temperatures: also on a simple Method of measuring Electrical Resistances." Bakerian Lecture 1871 William Kitchen Parker "On the Structure and Development of the Skull of the Salmon (Salmo salar, L.)." Bakerian Lecture 1872 Earl of Rosse "On the Radiation of Heat from the Moon, the Law of its Absorption by our Atmosphere, and its variation in Amount with her Phases." Bakerian Lecture 1873 J Norman Lockyer Researches in Spectrum Analysis in connexion with the Spectrum of the Sun. Part III. Bakerian Lecture 1874 William Grylls Adams On the Forms of Equipotential Curves and Surfaces and on Lines of Flow. Bakerian Lecture 1875 Thomas Andrews On the Gaseous State of Matter. Bakerian Lecture 1876 William Crawford Willian On the Organization of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures. Bakerian Lecture 1877 William Crookes On Repulsion resulting from Radiation. Part V. Bakerian Lecture 1878 William Crookes On the Illumination of Lines of Molecular Pressure and the Trajectory of Molecules. Bakerian Lecture 1879 William de W Abney On the Photographic Method of Mapping the least refrangible end of the Solar Spectrum. Bakerian Lecture 1880 John Tyndall "Action of free Molecules on Radiant Heat, and its conversion thereby into sound." Bakerian Lecture 1881 Heinrich Debus On the Chemical Theory of Gunpowder. Bakerian Lecture 1882 William Crookes On Radiant Matter Spectroscopy: the Detection and wide Distribution of Yttrium. Bakerian Lecture 1883 Arthur Schuster Experiments on the Discharge of Electricity through gases. Sketch of a Theory. Bakerian Lecture 1884 William Huggins On the Corona of the Sun. Bakerian Lecture 1885 William de W Abney and Edward Robert Festing Colour Photometry. Bakerian Lecture 1886 Joseph John Thon On the Dissociation of some Gases by the Electric Discharge. Bakerian Lecture 1887 J Norman Lockyer Suggestions on the Classification of the various Species of Heavenly Bodies. A Report to the Solar Physics Committee. Bakerian Lecture 1888 Arthur William Rucker and Thomas Edward Thorpe "A magnetic Survey of the British isles for the Epoch January 1, 1886." Bakerian Lecture 1889 Arthur Schuster The Discharge of Electricity through Gases. Preliminary Communication. Bakerian Lecture 1890 George Howard Darwin On Tidal Prediction. Bakerian Lecture 1891 James Thon On the Grand Currents of Atmospheric Circulation. Bakerian Lecture 1892 Harold B Dixon The rate of Explosion in Gases. Bakerian Lecture 1893 Thomas Edward Thorpe and JW Rodger On the Relations between the Viscosity (internal friction) of Liquids and their Chemical Nature. Bakerian Lecture 1894 A.G. Vernon Harcourt and William Esson On the Laws of Connexion between the Conditions of a Chemical Change and its Amount. III. Further Researches on the Reaction of Hydrogen Dioxide and Hydrogen Iodide. Bakerian Lecture 1895 William Chandler Roberts-Austen On the Diffusion of Metals. Bakerian Lecture 1896 Osborne Reynolds and WH Moorby On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat. Bakerian Lecture 1897 William James Russell Further Experiments on the Action exerted by certain Metals and other Bodies on a Photographic Plate. Bakerian Lecture 1898 James Alfred Ewing and W Rosenhain The Crystalline Structure of Metals. Bakerian Lecture 1899 William Augustus Tilden On the Specific Heat of Metals and the Relation of Specific Heat to Atomic Weight. Bakerian Lecture 1900 James Dewar The Nadir of Temperature and Allied Problems. Bakerian Lecture 1901 Lord Rayleigh On the Law of the Pressure of Gases between 75 and 150 Millimetres of Mercury. Bakerian Lecture 1902 CT Heycock and FH Neville On the Constitution of the Copper-tin Series of Alloys. Bakerian Lecture 1903 Ernest Rutherford The Succession of Changes in Radio-active Bodies. Bakerian Lecture 1904 Horace T Brown The Reception and Utilization of Energy by the Green Leaf. Bakerian Lecture 1905 John Milne Recent Advances in Seismology. Bakerian Lecture 1906 Thomas Edward Thorpe The Atomic Weight of Radium. Bakerian Lecture 1907 Charles H Lees The Effects of Temperature and Pressure on the Thermal Conductivities of Solids. Bakerian Lecture 1908 Joseph Larmor On the Statistical and Thermo-dynamical Relations of Radiant Energy. Bakerian Lecture 1909 John Henry Poynting and Guy Barlow The Pressure of Light against the Source: the Recoil from Light. Bakerian Lecture 1910 Robert John Strutt A Chemically-Active Modification of Nitrogen Produced by the Electric Discharge. Bakerian Lecture 1911 Hugh Longbourne Callendar "On the Variation of the Specific Heat of Water, with Experiments by a new Method." Bakerian Lecture 1912 Joseph John Thon Rays of Positive Electricity. Bakerian Lecture 1913 Alfred Fowler Series Lines in Spark Spectra. Bakerian Lecture 1914 William Henry Bragg X-rays and Crystals. Bakerian Lecture 1915 Charles Glover Barkla X-rays and the Theory of Radiation. Bakerian Lecture 1916 James Hopwood Jeans The Configurations of Rotating Compressible Masses. Bakerian Lecture 1917 Charles Parsons Experiments on the Artificial Production of Diamond. Bakerian Lecture 1918 Robert John Strutt A Study of the Line Spectrum of Sodium as Excited by Fluorescence. Bakerian Lecture 1919 Ernest Rutherford Nuclear Constitution of Atoms. Bakerian Lecture 1920 Thomas Martin Lowry and Percy Corlett Austin Optical Rotatory Dispersion. Part II. Tartaric Acid and the Tartrates. Bakerian Lecture 1921 Thomas Ralph Merton and S. Barratt On the Spectrum of Hydrogen. Bakerian Lecture 1922 Geoffrey Ingram Taylor and Constance F. Elam The Distortion of an Aluminium Crystal during a Tensile Test. Bakerian Lecture 1923 Alfred Fowler The Spectra of Silicon at Successive Stages of Ionization. Bakerian Lecture 1924 William Hardy and Ida Bircumshaw Boundary Lubrication - Plane Surfaces and the Limitations of Amontons Law. Bakerian Lecture 1925 Arthur Stanley Eddington Diffuse Matter in Interstellar Space. Bakerian Lecture 1926 Francis William Aston A New Mass-Spectrograph and the Whole Number Rule. Bakerian Lecture 1927 John Cunningham McLennan The Aurora and its Spectrum. Bakerian Lecture 1928 Edward Arthur Milne The Structure and Opacity of a Stellar Atmosphere. Bakerian Lecture 1929 Robert Robinson The Molecular Structure of Strychnine and Brucine. Bakerian Lecture 1930 Sydney Chapman Some Phenomena of the Upper Atmosphere. Bakerian Lecture 1931 William Arthur Bone The Combustion of Hydrocarbons. Bakerian Lecture 1932 James Chadwick The Neutron. Bakerian Lecture 1933 William Lawrence Bragg The Structure of Alloys. Bakerian Lecture 1934 Ralph Howard Fowler "The Anomalous Specific Heats of Crystals, with special reference to the Contribution of Molecular Rotations." Bakerian Lecture 1935 Frederic Stanley Kipping Organic Compounds of Silicon. Bakerian Lecture 1936 Edward Victor Appleton Regularities and Irregularities in the Ionosphere. Bakerian Lecture 1937 Christopher Kelk Ingold The Structure of Benzene. Bakerian Lecture 1938 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett Penetrating Cosmic Rays. Bakerian Lecture 1939 Nevil Vincent Sidgwick and Herbert Marcus Powell Stereochemical types and valency groups. Bakerian Lecture 1940 Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac The physical interpretation of quantum mechanics. Bakerian Lecture 1941 Albert Charles Chibnall Amino-acid analysis and the structure of proteins. Bakerian Lecture 1942 Richard Vynne Southwell Relaxation methods: a mathematics for engineering sciences. Bakerian Lecture 1943 Walter Norman Haworth "The structure, function and synthesis of polysaccharides." Bakerian Lecture 1944 Gordon Miller Bourne Dobson Meteorology of the lower stratosphere. Bakerian Lecture 1945 Cyril Norman Hinshelwood The more recent work on the hydrogen-oxygen reaction. Bakerian Lecture 1946 Harry Ralph Ricardo Some problems in connexion with the development of a high-speed diesel engine. Bakerian Lecture 1947 George Paget Thon Nuclear explosions. Bakerian Lecture 1948 Harold Raistrick A region of biosynthesis. Bakerian Lecture 1949 Percy Williams Bridgman Physics above 20 000 kg/cm2. Bakerian Lecture 1950 Eric Keightley Rideal Reactions in monolayers. Bakerian Lecture 1951 Harold Jeffreys The origin of the solar system. Bakerian Lecture 1952 Nevill Francis Mott "Dislocations, plastic flow and creep in metals." Bakerian Lecture 1953 Alexander Robertus Todd Chemistry of the nucleotides. Bakerian Lecture 1954 Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant The acceleration of charged particles to very high energies. Bakerian Lecture 1955 Harry Work Melville Addition polymerization. Bakerian Lecture 1956 Cecil Frank Powell The elementary particles. Bakerian Lecture 1957 Martin Ryle The nature of the cosmic radio sources. Bakerian Lecture 1958 Edmund Langley Hirst Molecular structure in the polysaccharide group. Bakerian Lecture 1959 Gerhard Herzberg The spectra and structures of free methyl and free methylene. Bakerian Lecture 1960 Michael James Lighthill Sound generated aerodynamically Bakerian Lecture 1961 John Desmond Bernal The structure of liquids Bakerian Lecture 1962 Alan Howard Cottrell Fracture Bakerian Lecture 1963 Frederick Calland Williams Inventive technology: the search for better electric machines Bakerian Lecture 1964 Melvin Calvin Chemical evolution Bakerian Lecture 1965 Ronald George Wreyford Norrish The progress of photochemistry exemplified by reactions of the halogens Bakerian Lecture 1966 Edward Crisp Bullard Reversals of the Earth's magnetic field Bakerian Lecture 1967 Fred Hoyle Review of recent developments in cosmology Bakerian Lecture 1968 Richard Henry Dalitz Particles and interactions: the problems of high-energy physics Bakerian Lecture 1969 Derek Harold Richard Burton Some approaches to the synthesis of tetracycline. Bakerian Lecture 1970 Basil John Mason The physics of the thunderstorm. Bakerian Lecture 1971 Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin Insulin. Bakerian Lecture 1972 Frederick Charles Frank Crystals imperfect. Bakerian Lecture 1973 Desmond George King-Hele A view of Earth and air. Bakerian Lecture 1974 Michael Francis Atiyah Global geometry. Bakerian Lecture 1975 George Wallace Kenner Towards synthesis of proteins. Bakerian Lecture 1976 George Porter In vitro models for photosynthesis. Bakerian Lecture 1977 Robert Lewis Fullarton Boyd Cosmic exploration by X-rays. Bakerian Lecture 1978 Michael Ellis Fisher Multicritical points in magnets and fluids: a review of some novel states of matter. Bakerian Lecture 1979 Abdus Salam Gauge unification of fundamental forces. Bakerian Lecture 1980 Robert Joseph Paton Williams Natural selection of the chemical elements. Bakerian Lecture 1981 Martin John Rees Galaxies and their nuclei. Bakerian Lecture 1982 Alfred Edward Ringwood "The Earths core: its composition, formation and bearing upon the origin of the earth." Bakerian Lecture 1983 Alan Rushton Battersby Biosynthesis of the pigments of life. Bakerian Lecture 1984 Carlo Rubbia Unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces. Bakerian Lecture 1985 Walter Heinrich Munk Acoustic monitoring of ocean gyres. Bakerian Lecture 1986 Michael Victor Berry The semiclassical chaology of quantum eigenvalues. Bakerian Lecture 1987 Walter Eric Spear "Amorphous semiconductors, a new generation of electronic materials." Bakerian Lecture 1988 Jack Lewis "Cluster compounds, a new aspect of inorganic chemistry." Bakerian Lecture 1989 John Meurig Thomas New microcrystalline catalysts. Bakerian Lecture 1990 John Houghton The predictability of weather and climate. Bakerian Lecture 1991 Thomas Benjamin The mystery of vortex breakdown. Bakerian Lecture 1992 Hans Bethe Mechanism of supernovae. Bakerian Lecture 1993 John Polanyi "Photochemistry in the adsorbed state, using light as a scalpel and a crystal as an operating table." Bakerian Lecture 1994 Anthony Kelly "Composites, towards intelligent materials design." Bakerian Lecture 1995 Alastair Scott Genetically engineered synthesis of natural products. Bakerian Lecture 1996 Steven Ley Sweet dreams: new strategies for oligosaccharide assembly. Bakerian Lecture 1997 Richard Ellis The morphological evolution of the galaxies. Bakerian Lecture 1998 Peter Day The molecular chemistry of magnets and superconductors. Bakerian Lecture 1999 Steve Sparks How volcanoes work. Bakerian Lecture 2000 David Sherrington " Magnets, microchips, memories and markets: statistical physics of complex systems." Bakerian Lecture 2001 Arnold Wolfendale Cosmic rays: what are they and where do they come from? Bakerian Lecture 2002 Christopher Dobson Protein folding and misfolding: from theory to therapy. Bakerian Lecture 2003 Michael Pepper Semiconductor nanostructures and new quantum effects Bakerian Lecture 2004 John Pendry "Negative refraction, the perfect lens and metamaterials" Bakerian Lecture 2005 Athene Donald The mesoscopic world - from plastic bags to brain disease - structural similarities in physics Bakerian Lecture 2006 http://royalsociety.org/events/2006/mesoscopic-world/ Joseph Silk The dark side of the Universe Bakerian Lecture 2007 http://royalsociety.org/events/2007/dark-side-universe/ Robin Clark "Raman microscopy, pigments and the arts/science interface" Bakerian Lecture 2008 http://royalsociety.org/events/2008/raman-microscopy/ James Murray Mathematics in the real world: From brain tumours to saving marriages Bakerian Lecture 2009 http://royalsociety.org/events/2009/mathematics-real-world/ Donal Bradley Plastic electronics: the science and application of molecular electronic materials and devices Bakerian Lecture 2010 http://royalsociety.org/events/2010/plastic-electronics/ Herbert Huppert Carbon storage: caught between a rock and climate change Bakerian Lecture 2011 http://royalsociety.org/events/2011/carbon-storage/ Eric Ashby Science and Antiscience. Bernal Lecture 1971 Conrad Hal Waddington The new Atlantis revisited. Bernal Lecture 1974 Piotr Leonidovich Kapitza Scientific and social approaches for the solution of global problems. Bernal Lecture 1977 John Maynard Smith "Science, ideology and myth." Bernal Lecture 1980 John Michael Ziman The collectivization of science. Bernal Lecture 1983 Walter Fred Bodmer The public understanding of science. Bernal Lecture 1986 Walter Laing Macdonald Perry Science and education. Bernal Lecture 1989 Alec Jeffreys Molecular sleuthing: the story of DNA fingerprinting. Bernal Lecture 1992 William Stewart "UK Science and Technology policy: a perspective from the past, a vision for the future." Bernal Lecture 1995 Tom Blundell The networking of academic and industrial research: the UK phenomenon. Bernal Lecture 1998 Alan Lindsay Mackay JD Bernal:his legacy to science and to society. Bernal Lecture 2001 Michael Crumpton Are low-frequency environmental fields a health hazard? Bernal Lecture 2004 Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey Patrick Blackett: an appreciation. Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 1976 Badanaval Venkata Sreekantan Fundamental research in India in the area of physical sciences. Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 1978 Michael George Parke Stoker Some hopes and fears in the biosciences. Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 1980 Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan Impact of science and technology on tropical agriculture. Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 1982 Andrew Fielding Huxley Science and policies. Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 1984 Mambillikalathil Govind Kumar Menon "Science and technology for development (the Indian experience): the need, opportunities, challenges and problems." Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 1986 Roger James Elliott Computing: a new dimension in scientific research. Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 1988 CNR Rao Chemical insights into high-temperature superconductors. Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 1991 Ashesh Prosad Mitra From IGY and IGBP: ionosphere research in India. Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 1993 Peter Day Creating and communicating science: the experience of the Royal Institution. Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 1994 Aaron Klug Protein designs for the regulation of gene expression. Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 1996 Coluther Gopalan The changing epidemiology of malnutrition in a developing society. Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 1998 Harold Walter Kroto "Science, a round peg in a square world." Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 1999 Sivaramakrishan Chandrasekhar Discotic liquid crystals as one-dimensional electrical conductors. Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 2000 Robert Macredie May "Science advice, policy making and public confidence." Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 2002 Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan Journey to the Moon. Space Science in India: two recent initiatives. Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 2004 Dame Julia Higgins The responsibility of being a scientist. Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 2005 Ashoke Sen Search for a unified theory Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 2007 Lord Martin Rees Our final century- will civilisation survive? Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 2007 Narendra Kumar Phase and phase breaking: Classicalisation through decoherence Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 2008 Lorna Casselton Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 2009 Krishnaswamy Vijayraghavan Genes and behaviour: assembling the components for animal locomotion Blackett and Jagdish Chandra Bose Memorial Lectures 2010 John Simon "For his distinguished services as an organizer of medical sanitary administration in this country, and as a promoter of scientific research relating to public health." Buchanan Medal 1897 Sydney Arthur Monckton Copeman For his experimental investigations into the bacteriology and comparative pathology of vaccination. Buchanan Medal 1902 William Henry Power For his services to sanitary science. Buchanan Medal 1907 William Crawford Gorgas For his sanitary administration of the works of the Panama Canal. Buchanan Medal 1912 Amroth Wright For his contributions to preventive medicine. Buchanan Medal 1917 David Bruce For his researches and discoveries in tropical medicine. Buchanan Medal 1922 Major Greenwood For his statistical researches and other work in relation to public health. Buchanan Medal 1927 Thorvald Madsen "For his very important theoretical and practical work on immunity, especially in relation to diphtheria antitoxin." Buchanan Medal 1932 Frederick Fuller Russell For his work in relation to public health problems in many parts of the world on behalf of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation. Buchanan Medal 1937 Wilson Jameson For his distinguished administrative service to hygienic science and practice. Buchanan Medal 1942 Edward Mellanby "For his distinguished researches on the physiology of nutrition, especially in relation to the causation of deficiency diseases." Buchanan Medal 1947 Rickard Christophers For his outstanding research on malaria and on the Anopheles mosquitos [sic] which transmit that disease. Buchanan Medal 1952 Neil Hamilton Fairley For his distinguished contributions to the control of malaria. Buchanan Medal 1957 Landsborough Thon For his long and distinguished services to the support and administration of medical and biological research. Buchanan Medal 1962 Graham Wilson "For his distinguished work on the medical aspects of bacteriology and immunity, and for the public health laboratory service of England and Wales." Buchanan Medal 1967 Richard Doll "For his outstanding studies on the aetiology, prevention and treatment of disease, especially cancer." Buchanan Medal 1972 David Evans For his leading role in the standardization and safety control of vaccines. Buchanan Medal 1977 Frederick Warner For his important role in reducing pollution of the River Thames and of his significant contributions to risk assessment. Buchanan Medal 1982 Gyorgy Karoly Radda "For his development of high resolution NMR spectroscopy for the study of cellular energetics and cellular enzymology, and for medical diagnosis, and of the insights and advances thereby gained." Buchanan Medal 1987 Cyril Clarke For his innovative studies on haemolytic disease of the newborn which culminated in new therapies leading to the elimination of this major fetal disease. Buchanan Medal 1990 DP Burkitt For his discovery of a lymphoma which bears his name. Buchanan Medal 1992 David Weatherall "In recognition of his notable contributions, over many years, to the application of molecular genetics to human medicine, in particular elucidating the many forms of molecular pathology that may underlie thalassaemias, and for his leadership in promoting " Buchanan Medal 1994 NH Ashton "For his contribution to vision research and his most important achievement in his discovery of the role of oxygen in the pathogenesis of retrolental fibroplasia now known as retinopathy of prematurity, together with his studies of the mechanism of hyperte" Buchanan Medal 1996 Barry James Marshall "In recognition of his work on discovering the role of Helicobacter pylori as a cause of diseases such as duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, gastric cancer and gastritis-associated dyspepsia." Buchanan Medal 1998 William Stanley Peart "For his contribution to the foundations of understanding of the renin angiotensin system in particular through his seminal work on the isolation and determination of the structure of angiotensin, purification of renin, and subsequent studies on the contro" Buchanan Medal 2000 Michael Waterfield "For his exceptional skill in protein biochemistry which have transformed our understanding of signal transduction, and the subversion of cellular signalling pathways in cancer." Buchanan Medal 2002 David Lane "In recognition of his discovery of the p53 protein and the subsequent research in which this basic discovery has been followed through to clinical application, exploiting the p53 pathway to find new treatments for cancer." Buchanan Medal 2004 Iain MacIntyre "For his many contributions to his field, ranging from the fundamental discoveries on the cellular origin and biochemical mode of the action of calcitonin to its application in clinical practice" Buchanan Medal 2006 Christopher Marshall For his outstanding contribution to understanding the process whereby cancers develop and in the identification of major targets for their therapeutic treatment. Buchanan Medal 2008 Peter Cresswell "For his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to our understanding of the processing of foreign protein antigens within cells to stimulate T-cell immune responses." Buchanan Medal 2010 Eric Eastwood Radar: new techniques and applications. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1976 Gordon Hindle Rawcliffe Induction motors: old and new. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1977 Eric Albert Ash Recent advances in acoustic imaging. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1978 Gordon George Scarrott From slave to servant: the evolution of computing systems. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1979 Derek Harry Roberts "Memory: its function, technology and impact." Clifford Paterson Lecture 1980 Cyril Hilsum Electronic displays: the link between man and microcircuit. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1981 Michael Crowley-Milling The worlds largest accelerator: the electron-positron collider LEP. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1982 John Edwin Midwinter "Optical fibre communications, present and future." Clifford Paterson Lecture 1983 Alexander Lamb Cullen Microwaves: the art and the science. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1984 George William Gray "Liquid crystals: an arena for research and industrial collaboration among chemists, physicists and engineers." Clifford Paterson Lecture 1985 Alec Nigel Broers Fundamental limits to microstructure fabrication. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1986 Gareth Gwyn Roberts At home with science and technology. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1987 Walter Thompson Welford Microlithography and the ultraviolet: experiments with an excimer laser. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1988 Alan Walter Rudge The organization and management of R&D in a privatised British Telecom. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1989 Maurice Wilkes Progress and research in the computer industry. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1990 David Payne "Circuits, sensors and strands of light." Clifford Paterson Lecture 1991 Marcel Garnier Magnetohydrodynamics in material processing. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1992 IR Young Accurate measurement in in vivo magnetic resonance: an engineering problem? Clifford Paterson Lecture 1993 Michael Brady Seeing machines and robots. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1994 Francis Kelly Modelling communication networks: present and future. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1995 Martin Wood Superconductivity: will the dream come true? Clifford Paterson Lecture 1996 Gareth Parry From electrons and photons to optoelectronics and photonics. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1997 Colin Webb Making light work: applications of high power lasers. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1998 Andrew Hopper Progress and research in the communications industry. Clifford Paterson Lecture 1999 Eli Yablonovitch "Electronmagnetic bandgaps, at photonic and radio frequencies." Clifford Paterson Lecture 2000 Allan Snyder Light guiding light in the new millennium. Clifford Paterson Lecture 2001 Roger Needham Computer Security? Clifford Paterson Lecture 2002 Chris Toumazou The bionic man Clifford Paterson Lecture 2003 Sandu Popescu What is quantum non-locality? Clifford Paterson Lecture 2004 http://royalsociety.org/events/2004/quantum-non-locality/ Wilson Sibbett Optical science in the fast lane Clifford Paterson Lecture 2005 http://royalsociety.org/events/2005/optical-science/ Richard Friend Plastic fantastic; electronics for the 21st Century. The lecture can be viewed from the Video Library. Clifford Paterson Lecture 2006 http://royalsociety.org/events/2006/plastic-fantastic Martin Plenio Taming the quanta Clifford Paterson Lecture 2008 http://royalsociety.org/events/2008/taming-quanta/ Andrew De Mello The Lilliput laboratory: chemistry & biology on the small scale Clifford Paterson Lecture 2009 http://royalsociety.org/events/2009/lilliput-laboratory/ David MacKay Information theory meets writing Clifford Paterson Lecture 2010 http://royalsociety.org/events/2010/information-theory/ S. Ravi P. Silva Carbon electronics Clifford Paterson Lecture 2011 http://royalsociety.org/events/2011/carbon-electronics/ Dario Alessi Deciphering disease Francis Crick Lecture 2006 http://royalsociety.org/events/2006/disease-cell-communication/ Geraint Rees Decoding consciousness Francis Crick Lecture 2007 http://royalsociety.org/events/2007/decoding-consciousness/ Simon Fisher A molecular window into speech and language Francis Crick Lecture 2008 http://royalsociety.org/events/2008/molecular-speech-language/ Jason Chin Reprogramming the code of life Francis Crick Lecture 2009 http://royalsociety.org/events/2009/reprogramming-code-life/ Gilean McVean "Our genomes, our history" Francis Crick Lecture 2010 http://royalsociety.org/events/2010/genomes-history/ Alexander Stuart "On the Motion of the Heart, founded on some Anatomical Observations and Experiments, and illustrated by divers Preparations of the Heart, with some Draughts and Machines to explain the Disposition of the Muscular Fibres, with the manner of acting in the S" Croonian Lecture 1738 Frank Nicholls An Enquiry into Muscular Motion. Croonian Lecture 1739 Alexander Stuart Alexander Stuart On the Peristaltic Motion of the Intestines. Microscopial Observations on several parts of live Frogs. Croonian Lecture 1740 James Douglas "Description of the several Muscles, Membranes and parts belonging to the Uvula of the Palate, and concerned in its action; as also of the several parts subservient to the uses of the Tuba Eustachiana." Croonian Lecture 1741 James Douglas "(read by William Douglas) Description and Structure of the Human Bladder, with the Uses of its Muscles and Membranes." Croonian Lecture 1742 James Parsons An Introductory Discourse on Muscular Motion. Croonian Lecture 1744 James Parsons On Muscular Motion. Croonian Lecture 1745 James Parsons Description of the several Muscles of the Face; with their particular Functions and Uses. Croonian Lecture 1746 Browne Langrish On the Theory of Muscular Motion Croonian Lecture 1747 James Parsons On Muscular Motion Croonian Lecture 1750 James Parsons Critical Remarks upon the Motion and Uses of the Human Pelvis. Croonian Lecture 1751 Charles Morton Croonian Lecture 1754 Charles Morton Croonian Lecture 1755 Charles Morton Croonian Lecture 1756 Charles Morton Croonian Lecture 1757 Charles Morton Croonian Lecture 1758 Charles Morton Croonian Lecture 1761 John Hunter Croonian Lecture 1775 John Hunter Croonian Lecture 1776 John Hunter Croonian Lecture 1777 John Hunter Croonian Lecture 1778 John Hunter Croonian Lecture 1779 John Hunter Croonian Lecture 1780 John Hunter On the Construction and Application of Muscles and the Power by which they are actuated. Croonian Lecture 1781 John Hunter On the Density and Firmness of a Muscle as contributing to its Strength and Agility. Croonian Lecture 1782 Foart Simmons On the Irritability of the Muscular Fibres. Croonian Lecture 1784 Edward Whittaker Gray An Examination into Hallers Theory of Muscular Motion. Croonian Lecture 1785 Edward Whittaker Gray On the Effects of different kinds of Salts applied as Stimulants on the Muscles. Croonian Lecture 1786 George Fordyce On Muscular Motion. Croonian Lecture 1787 Gilbert Blane "On the Nature of the Muscles, and on the Theory of Muscular Motion." Croonian Lecture 1788 William Blizard On the Theory of Muscular Motion. Croonian Lecture 1789 Everard Home On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion. Croonian Lecture 1790 Matthew Baillie "A general view of the Nature of the Muscles, and an enumeration of the most striking facts connected with the Theory of their Motion." Croonian Lecture 1791 Everard Home On Mr. Hunters Experiments to ascertain whether the Crystalline Humour of the Eye be muscular. Croonian Lecture 1793 Everard Home On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye. Croonian Lecture 1794 Everard Home On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion. Croonian Lecture 1795 Everard Home On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye. Croonian Lecture 1796 John Abernethy A general Review of the latest opinions relative to Animal Life and Motion. Croonian Lecture 1797 Everard Home Experiments and Observations upon the Structure of Nerves. Croonian Lecture 1798 Everard Home On the Structure and Uses of the Membrana Tympani. Croonian Lecture 1799 Everard Home On the Irritability of Nerves. Croonian Lecture 1800 Everard Home On the power of the Eye to adjust itself to different distances when deprived of the Crystalline Lens. Croonian Lecture 1801 John Pearson On Muscular Motion. Croonian Lecture 1803 Anthony Carlisle On Muscular Motion. Croonian Lecture 1804 Anthony Carlisle On the Arrangement and Mechanical Action of the Muscles of Fishes. Croonian Lecture 1805 John Pearson "Remarks on Muscular Power, and on some of the circumstances by which it is increased, diminished or finally abolished." Croonian Lecture 1806 Anthony Carlisle On the Natural History and Chemical Analysis of the substances which constitute the Muscles of Animals. Croonian Lecture 1807 Thomas Young On the Functions of the Heart and Arteries. Croonian Lecture 1808 William Hyde Wollaston "Observations on the Mode of Action of Voluntary Muscles, and on the causes which derange, and assist, the Action of the Heart and Blood Vessels." Croonian Lecture 1809 Benjamin Collins Brodie "Physiological Researches, respecting the Influence of the Brain on the Action of the Heart, and on the Generation of Animal Heat." Croonian Lecture 1810 Benjamin Collins Brodie On the Influence of the Nervous System on the Action of the Muscles in general and of the Heart in particular. Croonian Lecture 1813 Everard Home On the Changes the Blood undergoes in the act of Coagulation. Croonian Lecture 1817 Everard Home "On the conversion of Pus into Granulations, or new flesh." Croonian Lecture 1818 Everard Home A further Investigation of the component parts of the Blood. Croonian Lecture 1819 Everard Home "Microscopical Observations on the following subjects. On the Brain and Nerves; showing that the Materials of which they are composed exist in the Blood. On the Discovery of Valves in the branches of the vas breve, lying between the villous and muscular co" Croonian Lecture 1820 Everard Home "On the Anatomical Structure of the Eye; illustrated by Microscopical Drawings, executed by F. Bauer." Croonian Lecture 1821 Francis Bauer Microscopical Observations on the suspension of the Muscular Motions of the Vibrio Tritici. Croonian Lecture 1822 Everard Home "On the Internal Structure of the Human Brain, when examined in the Microscope, as compared with that of Fiches, Insects and Worms." Croonian Lecture 1823 Everard Home On the existence of Nerves in the Placenta. Croonian Lecture 1824 Everard Home On the Structure of a Muscular Fibre from which are derived its Elongation and Contraction. Croonian Lecture 1825 Everard Home "An Enquiry into the mode by which the Propagation of the Species is carried on, in the Common Oyster, and in the large Fresh-water Muscle." Croonian Lecture 1826 Everard Home On the Muscles peculiar to Organs of Sense in particular Quadrupeds and Fishes. Croonian Lecture 1827 Everard Home A Report on the Peculiarities met with in the Stomach of the Zariffa. Croonian Lecture 1829 Richard Owen On the Megatherium. Croonian Lecture 1851 James Paget On the cause of the rhythmic action of the heart. Croonian Lecture 1857 Thomas Henry Huxley On the theory of the vertebrate skull. Croonian Lecture 1858 James Bell Pettigrew On the arrangement of the muscular fibres of the ventricular portion of the heart of the mammal. Croonian Lecture 1860 Charles Edouard Brown-Sequard "On the relations between muscular irritability, cadaveric rigidity, and putrefaction." Croonian Lecture 1861 Albert Kolliker "On the termination of nerves in muscles, as observed in the frog: and on the disposition of the nerves in the frogs heart." Croonian Lecture 1862 Joseph Lister On the coagulation of the blood. Croonian Lecture 1863 Hermann Helmholtz On the normal motions of the human eye in relation to binocular vision. Croonian Lecture 1864 Lionel S Beale "On the ultimate nerve fibres distributed to muscle and some other tissues, with observations upon the structure & probable mode of action of a nervous mechanism." Croonian Lecture 1865 JS Burdon Sanderson On the influence exercised by the movements of respiration on the circulation of the blood. Croonian Lecture 1867 Augustus V Waller "On the results of the method (introduced by the author) of investigating the nervous system, more especially as applied to the elucidation of the functions of the pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves in man." Croonian Lecture 1870 Benjamin Ward Richardson On muscular irritability after systemic death. Croonian Lecture 1873 David Ferrier The localization of function in the brain. Croonian Lecture 1874 David Ferrier Experiments on the brain of monkeys. Second series. Croonian Lecture 1875 GJ Romanes Preliminary observations on the locomotor system of medusae. Croonian Lecture 1876 Dr Sanderson and FJM Page "On the mechanical effects, and on the electrical disturbance consequent on excitation of the leaf of Dionea muscipula." Croonian Lecture 1877 HN Moseley On the structure of the Stylasteridae: a family of the hydroid stony corals . Croonian Lecture 1878 WK Parker On the structure & development of the skull in the Lacertilia. Part I. On the skull of the common lizard (Lacerta agilis) L. viridis and Zootoca vivipara. Croonian Lecture 1879 Rev. S Haughton "On some elementary principles in animal mechanics. No.IX. the relation between the maximum work done, the time of lifting, and the weights lifted by the arms." Croonian Lecture 1880 GJ Romanes and JC Ewart Observations on the locomotor system of Medusae. Croonian Lecture 1881 WH Gaskell "On the rhythm of the heart of the frog, and on the nature of the action of the vagus nerve." Croonian Lecture 1882 HN Martin On the direct influence of gradual variations of temperature upon the rate of beat of the dogs heart. Croonian Lecture 1883 LC Woolridge The coagulation of the blood. Croonian Lecture 1886 HG Seeley "On Pareiasaurus bombidens (Owen) and the significance of its affinities to amphibians, reptiles, and mammals." Croonian Lecture 1887 W Kuhn Ueber die Entstehung der vitalen Bewegung. Croonian Lecture 1888 Dr Roux Les inoculations preventives. Croonian Lecture 1889 H Marshall Ward The relations between host and parasite in certain epidemic diseases of plants. Croonian Lecture 1890 Francis Gotch and Victor Horsley On the mammalian nervous system; its functions and their localization determined by an electrical method. Croonian Lecture 1891 Angelo Mosso Les phenomenes psychiques et la temperature du cerveau. Croonian Lecture 1892 Rudolph Virchow The position of pathology among biological studies. Croonian Lecture 1893 Ramon y Cajal La fine structure des centres nerveux Croonian Lecture 1894 TW Engelmann On the nature of muscular contraction. Croonian Lecture 1895 Augustus D Waller Observations on isolated nerve. Croonian Lecture 1896 Charles S Sherrington The mammalian spinal cord as an organ of reflex action. Croonian Lecture 1897 Wilhelm Pfeffer The nature and significance of functional metabolism in the plant. Croonian Lecture 1898 JS Burdon Sanderson On the relation of motion in animals and plants to the electrical phenomena which are associated with it. Croonian Lecture 1899 Paul Ehrlich On immunity with special reference to cell life. Croonian Lecture 1900 C Lloyd Morgan Studies in visual sensation. Croonian Lecture 1901 Arthur Gamgee On certain chemical and physical properties of haemoglobin. Croonian Lecture 1902 C Timiriazeff The cosmical function of the green plant. Croonian Lecture 1903 Ernest Henry Starling and William Maddock Bayliss The chemical regulation of the secretory process. Croonian Lecture 1904 William Bate Hardy On the globulins. Croonian Lecture 1905 John Newport Langley On nerve endings and on special excitable substances in cells. Croonian Lecture 1906 John Bretland Farmer "Structural constituents of the nucleus, and their relation to the organization of the individual." Croonian Lecture 1907 Gustaf Retzius The principles of the minute structure of the nervous system as revealed by recent investigations. Croonian Lecture 1908 Edward Albert Schafer The functions of the pituitary body. Croonian Lecture 1909 Georg Klebs Alterations in the development and forms of plants as a result of environment. Croonian Lecture 1910 Thomas Gregor Brodie A new conception of the glomerular activity. Croonian Lecture 1911 Keith Lucas The process of excitation in nerve and muscle. Croonian Lecture 1912 Robert Broom The origin of mammals. Croonian Lecture 1913 Edmund Beecher Wilson The bearing of cytological research on heredity. Croonian Lecture 1914 Walter Morley Fletcher and Frederick Gowland Hopkins The respiratory process in muscle; and the nature of muscular motion. Croonian Lecture 1915 Sydney John Hickson Evolution and symmetry in the order of the sea-pens. Croonian Lecture 1916 Thomas Lewis Upon the motion of the mammalian heart. Croonian Lecture 1917 Walter B Cannon The physiological basis of thirst. Croonian Lecture 1918 Henry Hallett Dale The biological significance of anaphylaxis. Croonian Lecture 1919 William Bateson Genetic segregation. Croonian Lecture 1920 Henry Head Release of function in the nervous system. Croonian Lecture 1921 Thomas Hunt Morgan On the mechanism of heredity. Croonian Lecture 1922 Frederick Frost Blackman The problem of plant respiration considered as a catalytic process. Croonian Lecture 1923 David Meredith Seares Watson The origin of the amphibia. Croonian Lecture 1924 Rudolf Magnus Animal posture. Croonian Lecture 1925 Archibald Vivian Hill The laws of muscular motion. Croonian Lecture 1926 Hans Spemann Organisers in animal development. Croonian Lecture 1927 Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov Certain problems in the physiology of the cerebral hemispheres. Croonian Lecture 1928 James Peter Hill The developmental history of the primates. Croonian Lecture 1929 Jules Bordet Theories of the bacteriophage. Croonian Lecture 1930 Edgar Douglas Adrian The messages in sensory nerve fibres and their interpretation. Croonian Lecture 1931 Davidson Black The discovery of Sinanthropus. Croonian Lecture 1932 Ross Granville Harrison The origin and development of the nervous system studied by the methods of experimental embryology. Croonian Lecture 1933 David Keilin Mechanisms of cellular respiration. Croonian Lecture 1934 Joseph Barcroft Foetal respiration. Croonian Lecture 1935 Francis Hugh Adam Marshall Sexual periodicity and the causes which determine it. Croonian Lecture 1936 Henry Horatio Dixon The transport of materials in plants. Croonian Lecture 1937 Alfred Newton Richards Processes of urine formation. Croonian Lecture 1938 James Gray Aspects of animal locomotion. Croonian Lecture 1939 Schack August Steenberg Krogh The active and passive exchange of inorganic ions through the surfaces of living cells and through living membranes generally. Croonian Lecture 1940 William Whiteman Carlton Topley The biology of epidemics. Croonian Lecture 1941 Lancelot Hogben Chromatic behaviour. Croonian Lecture 1942 Edward Mellanby Nutrition in relation to bone growth and the nervous sytem. Croonian Lecture 1943 Charles Robert Harington Thyroxine: its biosynthesis and its immuno-chemistry. Croonian Lecture 1944 William Thomas Astbur The structure of biological fibres and the problem of muscle. Croonian Lecture 1945 John Burdon Sanderson Haldane The formal genetics of Man. Croonian Lecture 1946 Ernest Basil Verney The antidiuretic hormone and the factors which determine its release. Croonian Lecture 1947 Vincent Brian Wigglesworth Insects as a medium for the study of physiology. Croonian Lecture 1948 Detlev Wulf Bronk The rhythmic action and respiration of nerve cells. Croonian Lecture 1949 Frank Macfarlane Burnet The interaction of virus and cell-surface. Croonian Lecture 1950 Rudolph Albert Peters Lethal synthesis. Croonian Lecture 1951 Carl Frederick Abel Pantin The elementary nervous system. Croonian Lecture 1952 Ronald Aylmer Fisher Population genetics. Croonian Lecture 1953 Howard Walter Florey Mucins and the protection of the body. Croonian Lecture 1954 Charles Herbert Best "Dietary factors in the protection of the liver, kidneys, heart and other organs in experimental animals. The lipotropic agents." Croonian Lecture 1955 Frederic Charles Bartlett Some experiments about thinking. Croonian Lecture 1956 Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Ionic movements and electrical activity in giant nerve fibres. Croonian Lecture 1957 Peter Brian Medawar The homograph reaction. Croonian Lecture 1958 Walter Thomas James Morgan A contribution to human biochemical genetics: the chemical basis of blood group specificity. Croonian Lecture 1959 Harry Godwin Radiocarbon dating and Quaternary history inBritain. Croonian Lecture 1960 Bernard Katz "The transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle, and the subcellular unit of synaptic action." Croonian Lecture 1961 Frank George Young On insulin and its action. Croonian Lecture 1962 Hans Adolf Krebs Gluconeogenesis. Croonian Lecture 1963 George Lindor Brown The release and fate of the transmitter liberated by adrenergic nerves. Croonian Lecture 1964 John Zachary Young The organization of a memory system. Croonian Lecture 1965 Francis Harry Compton Crick The genetic code. Croonian Lecture 1966 Andrew Fielding Huxley The activation of striated muscle and its mechanical response. Croonian Lecture 1967 Max Ferdinand Perutz The haemoglobin molecule. Croonian Lecture 1968 Frederick Campion Steward From cultured cells to whole plants: the induction and control of their growth and morphogenesis. Croonian Lecture 1969 Hugh Esmor Huxley The structural basis of muscular contraction. Croonian Lecture 1970 Henry Harris Cell fusion and the analysis of malignancy. Croonian Lecture 1971 Nikolaas Tinbergen Functional ethology and the human sciences. Croonian Lecture 1972 Eric James Denton On buoyancy and the lives of modern and fossil cephalopods. Croonian Lecture 1973 John Heslop-Harrison The physiology of the spore surface. Croonian Lecture 1974 Frederick Sanger Nucleotide sequences. Croonian Lecture 1975 John Bertrand Gurdon Egg cytoplasm and gene control in development. Croonian Lecture 1976 John William Sutton Pringle Stretch activation of muscle: function and mechanism. Croonian Lecture 1977 Michael Abercrombie Crawling movements of metazoan cells. Croonian Lecture 1978 Setsuro Ebashi Regulation of muscle contraction. Croonian Lecture 1979 Rodney Robert Porter The complex proteases of the complement system. Croonian Lecture 1980 Harold Garnet Callan Lampbrush chromosomes. Croonian Lecture 1981 Seymour Benzer "Genes, neurons and behaviour in Drosophila." Croonian Lecture 1982 Richard Darwin Keynes Voltage-gated ion channels in the nerve membrane. Croonian Lecture 1983 Samuel Victor Perry Calcium and the regulation of contractile activity. Croonian Lecture 1984 Robert McCredie May When two and two do not make four: nonlinear phenomena in ecology. Croonian Lecture 1985 Sydney Brenner The molecular genetics of muscle in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Croonian Lecture 1986 Peter Dennis Mitchell Proton-motive osmoenzyme mechanisms in cytochrome systems: variations on a theme by Keilin. Croonian Lecture 1987 Michael John Berridge Inositol lipids and calcium signalling. Croonian Lecture 1988 Cesar Milstein " Antibodies, a paradigm of the biology of molecular recognition." Croonian Lecture 1989 Robert Hinde The interdependence of the behavioural sciences. Croonian Lecture 1990 Anthony Bradshaw Genostasis and the limits to evolution? Croonian Lecture 1991 Jacques Miller The key role of the thymus in the bodys defence strategies. Croonian Lecture 1992 John Vane The endothelium: maestro of the blood circulation. Croonian Lecture 1993 Roy Anderson "Populations, infectious disease and immunity: a very nonlinear world." Croonian Lecture 1994 Thomas Southwood Natural communities: structure and dynamics. Croonian Lecture 1995 Thomas Lindahl Endogenous damage to DNA. Croonian Lecture 1996 Anthony Hunter The phosphorylation of proteins on tyrosine: its role in cell growth and disease. Croonian Lecture 1997 Philip Cohen Discovery of a protein kinase cascade of major importance in insulin signal transduction. Croonian Lecture 1998 Hugh Pelham Intracellular membrane traffic: getting proteins sorted. Croonian Lecture 1999 Nigel Unwin The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the structural basis of synaptic transmission. Croonian Lecture 2000 Ron Laskey Hunting the antisocial cancer cell. Croonian Lecture 2001 Kim Nasmyth Disseminating our genomes during mitosis and meiosis. Croonian Lecture 2002 Tim Hunt "Cell growth, cell division and the problem of cancer." Croonian Lecture 2003 John Krebs "Risk, food, fact and fantasy" Croonian Lecture 2004 http://royalsociety.org/events/2004/risk-food/ Salvador Moncada Adventures in vascular biology Croonian Lecture 2005 http://royalsociety.org/events/2005/vascular-biology/ Iain Campbell Structure and the living cell Croonian Lecture 2006 http://royalsociety.org/events/2006/structure-living-cell/ Aaron Klug Engineered zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) for the regulation of gene expression Croonian Lecture 2007 http://royalsociety.org/events/2007/zinc-finger-proteins/ John Pickett Plant and animal communication Croonian Lecture 2008 http://royalsociety.org/events/2008/plant-animal-communication/ Linda Partridge The new biology of ageing Croonian Lecture 2009 http://royalsociety.org/events/2009/biology-ageing/ Alec Jeffreys Genetic fingerprinting and beyond Croonian Lecture 2010 http://royalsociety.org/events/2010/genetic-fingerprinting/ John Ellis Molecular chaperones: how cells stop proteins from misbehaving Croonian Lecture 2011 http://royalsociety.org/events/2011/cells-proteins/ Alfred Russel Wallace For his independent origination of the theory of the origin of species by natural selection. Darwin Medal 1890 Joseph Dalton Hooker "On account of his important contributions to the progress of systematic botany, as evidenced by the ""Genera Plantarum"" and the ""Flora Indica""; but more especially on account of his intimate association with Mr. Darwin in the studies preliminary to the ""Or" Darwin Medal 1892 Thomas Henry Huxley "For his researches in comparative anatomy, and especially for his intimate association with Mr. Darwin in relation to the ""Origin of Species""." Darwin Medal 1894 Giovanni Battista Grassi "For his researches on the life history and societies of the Termitidae, and on the developmental relationship between Leptocephalus and the common eel and other muraenidae." Darwin Medal 1896 Karl Pearson For his work on the quantitative treatment of biological problems. Darwin Medal 1898 Ernst Haeckel For his long-continued and and [sic] highly important work in zoology all of which has been inspired by the spirit of Darwinism. Darwin Medal 1900 Francis Galton "For his numerous contributions to the exact study of heredity & variation contained in ""Hereditary Genius"", ""Natural Inheritance"", and other writings." Darwin Medal 1902 William Bateson For his important contribution to the theory of organic evolution by his researches on variation and heredity. Darwin Medal 1904 Hugo de Vries On the ground of the significance and extent of his experimental investigations in heredity & Variation. Darwin Medal 1906 August Weismann On the ground of his eminent services in support of the doctrine of evolution by means of natural selection. Darwin Medal 1908 Roland Trimen "On the ground of his South African bionomic researches, in large part undertaken as the outcome of correspondence with Charles Darwin." Darwin Medal 1910 Francis Darwin "On the ground of his work in conjunction with Charles Darwin, and his researches in vegetable physiology." Darwin Medal 1912 Edward Bagnall Poulton On the ground of his researches in heredity. Darwin Medal 1914 Yves Delage On the ground of researches in zoology and biology. Darwin Medal 1916 Henry Fairfield Osborn For his valuable researches on vertebrate morphology and palaeontology. Darwin Medal 1918 Rowland H Biffen On the ground of his work on scientific principles applied to the breeding of plants. Darwin Medal 1920 Reginald C Punnett For his researches in the science of genetics. Darwin Medal 1922 Thomas Hunt Morgan For his valuable work in zoology and more especially his researches on heredity and cytology. Darwin Medal 1924 Dukinfield Henry Scott "For his contributions to palaeophytology, particularly in relation to the period of coal." Darwin Medal 1926 Leonard Cockayne For the eminence of his contributions to ecological botany. Darwin Medal 1928 Johannes Schmidt For his work on extended oceanographical expeditions; and for his genetic studies in animals and plants. Darwin Medal 1930 Carl Erich Correns As one of the three independent discoverers of Mendels publications; and for his distinguished researches in genetics. Darwin Medal 1932 Albert Charles Seward In recognition of his work as a palaeobotanist. Darwin Medal 1934 Edgar Johnson Allen "In recognition of his long continued work for the advancement of marine biology, not only by his own researches but by the great influence he has exerted on very numerous investigations at Plymouth." Darwin Medal 1936 Frederick Orpen Bower In recognition of his work of acknowledged distinction in the field in which Darwin himself laboured. Darwin Medal 1938 James Peter Hill "For his contributions to the solution of problems bearing on the inter-relationships of the main groups of the Mammalia and on the phylogenetic history of the primates, a subject with which Charles Darwin himself was much concerned." Darwin Medal 1940 David Meredith Seares Watson In recognition of his researches on primitive fishes and amphibians which have much advanced the knowledge of the evolution of these groups of animals. Darwin Medal 1942 John Stanley Gardiner In recognition of his work on coral reefs and on the organisms associated with such habitats. Darwin Medal 1944 DArcy Thompson In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the development of biology. Darwin Medal 1946 Ronald Aylmer Fisher "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the theory of natural selection, the concept of its gene complex and the evolution of dominance." Darwin Medal 1948 Felix Eugen Fritsch For his distinguished contributions to the study of algology. Darwin Medal 1950 John Burden Sanderson Haldane In recognition of his initiation of the modern phase of the study of the evolution of living populations. Darwin Medal 1952 Edmund Brisco Ford "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the genetical theory of evolution by natural selection, particularly in natural populations." Darwin Medal 1954 Julian Sorell Huxley In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the study and theory of evolution. Darwin Medal 1956 Gavin de Beer In recognition of his distinguished contributions to evolutionary biology. Darwin Medal 1958 Edred John Henry Corner In recognition of his distinguished and strikingly original botanical work in tropical forests. Darwin Medal 1960 George Gaylord Simpson "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to general evolutionary theory, based on a profound study of palaeontology, particularly of vertebrates." Darwin Medal 1962 Kenneth Mather In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of cytology and genetics. Darwin Medal 1964 Harold Munro Fox In recognition of his distinguished and extensive contributions in the field of invertebrate zoology and to our understanding of general biological phenomena. Darwin Medal 1966 Maurice Yonge "In recognition of his many distinguished contributions to evolutionary biology, particularly of the mollusca." Darwin Medal 1968 Charles Sutherland Elton "In recognition of the basic concepts he has contributed to the study of animal ecology which, with his foundation of the Bureau of Animal Population, have had international impact." Darwin Medal 1970 David Lack In recognition of his distinguished and numerous contributions to ornithology and to our understanding of evolutionary mechanisms. Darwin Medal 1972 Philip Macdonald Sheppard "In recognition of his outstanding work on natural populations of butterflies, describing and explaining the operation of natural selection and demonstrating the genetic basis upon which selection operates." Darwin Medal 1974 Charlotte Auerbach In recognition of her discovery of and continuing work on chemical mutagenesis. Darwin Medal 1976 Guido Pontecorvo In recognition of his discovery of somatic recombination in fungi which led to the elucidation of an important type of genetic variation. Darwin Medal 1978 Sewall Wright In recognition of his outstanding contributions to genetics and evolutionary theory. Darwin Medal 1980 John Heslop-Harrison and Yolande Heslop-Harrison "In recognition of their major contributions to plant physiology including fundamental studies on insectivorous plants, much of this research carried out jointly." Darwin Medal 1982 Ernst Mayr In recognition of his distinguished contributions to evolutionary biology. Darwin Medal 1984 J Maynard Smith "In recognition of his outstanding success in combining mathematics with biology to enhance our understanding of evolution, in particular the evolution of sex." Darwin Medal 1986 WD Hamilton In recognition of his distinguished work on evolutionary theory. His contributions include the theory of kin selction to account for altruistic behaviour and the theoretical demonstration of a link between disease resistance and the evolution of sex. Darwin Medal 1988 John Lander Harper For his research on the population biology and evolution of plants which has greatly improved understanding of the adaptation of plants to their environment. Darwin Medal 1990 M Kimura "Distinguished for his work on molecular evolution, in particular on the role of stochastic events in determining the rate of evolution." Darwin Medal 1992 PA Lawrence "In recognition of his analysis of pattern formation during insect segmentation, and of his contribution to understanding how genetic processes specify spatial information." Darwin Medal 1994 JE Sulston In recognition of his leadership in the study of genome analysis with the potential to have a profound impact on the whole of biology. Darwin Medal 1996 Michael Denis Gale and Graham Moore In recognition of their work on cereal genome organization and evolution which has revolutionized cereal genetics by showing that the genetics of all the different cereals can be considered in a common framework. Darwin Medal 1998 Brian Charlesworth "In recognition of his distinguished work on selection in age-structured populations, extending the theory to the evolution of ageing, and testing the theories of mutation accumulation and pleiotropy, developing models for the evolution of genetic systems," Darwin Medal 2000 Peter Grant and Rosemary Grant "For their fundamental work on the ecology, breeding and evolution of Darwins finches on the Galapagos islands. This work has become the classic example of Darwinian evolution in the wild." Darwin Medal 2002 Enrico Coen and Rosemary Carpenter For their ground-breaking discoveries about the control of flower development. They have combined molecular and genetic approaches to answer some of Darwins key questions about the natural variation of floral form and the evolution of floral development. Darwin Medal 2004 Nick Barton "For his major and extensive contributions to evolutionary biology, characterised by the application of sophisticated mathematical analysis but focussed on developing biological understanding rather than mathematical niceties." Darwin Medal 2006 Geoffrey Parker "For his lifetime contribution to the foundations and development of behavioural ecology, in particular for understanding evolutionary adaptations and their consequences for natural populations." Darwin Medal 2008 Bryan Clarke For his original and influential contributions to our understanding of the genetic basis of evolution. Darwin Medal 2010 Stephen Gray For his new Electrical Experiments: - as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge. Copley Medal 1731 Stephen Gray For the Experiments he made for the year 1732. Copley Medal 1732 John Theophilus Desaguliers In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society Copley Medal 1734 John Theophilus Desaguliers For his experiments made during the year. Copley Medal 1736 John Belchier For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour. Copley Medal 1737 James Valoue "For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society" Copley Medal 1738 Stephen Hales For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea Copley Medal 1739 Alexander Stuart For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken .therein Copley Medal 1740 John Theophilus Desaguliers For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year. Copley Medal 1741 Christopher Middleton For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay. Copley Medal 1742 Abraham Trembley For his Experiments on the Polypus. Copley Medal 1743 Henry Baker For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum. Copley Medal 1744 William Watson "On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments." Copley Medal 1745 Benjamin Robins "On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles." Copley Medal 1746 Gowin Knight "On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets." Copley Medal 1747 James Bradley "On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion." Copley Medal 1748 John Harrison "On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time." Copley Medal 1749 George Edwards "On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. - containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents" Copley Medal 1750 John Canton "On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones." Copley Medal 1751 John Pringle "On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society." Copley Medal 1752 Benjamin Franklin On account of his curious Experiments and Observations on Electricity. Copley Medal 1753 William Lewis "For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: - which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials." Copley Medal 1754 John Huxham "For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society." Copley Medal 1755 Charles Cavendish "On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer." Copley Medal 1757 John Dollond "On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society." Copley Medal 1758 John Smeaton "On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills" Copley Medal 1759 Benjamin Wilson "For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year." Copley Medal 1760 John Canton "For his very ingenious and elegent Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids." Copley Medal 1764 William Brownrigg "For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit." Copley Medal 1766 Edward Delaval "For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations." Copley Medal 1766 Henry Cavendish "For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air." Copley Medal 1766 John Ellis "For his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands." Copley Medal 1767 Peter Woulfe "For his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, and other substances." Copley Medal 1768 William Hewson "For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, - and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish." Copley Medal 1769 William Hamilton "For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna." Copley Medal 1770 Matthew Raper "For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money." Copley Medal 1771 Joseph Priestley "On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations on different kinds of Air, read at the Society in March, 1772, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions." Copley Medal 1772 John Walsh For his Paper on the Torpedo Copley Medal 1773 Nevil Maskelyne "In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, - on Schehallien." Copley Medal 1775 James Cook "For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public." Copley Medal 1776 John Mudge "On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form." Copley Medal 1777 Charles Hutton "For his paper, entitled, The force of Fired Gunpowder, and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls, determined by Experiments." Copley Medal 1778 Samuel Vince "For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions." Copley Medal 1780 William Herschel "For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this start has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision, and yet till now, eluded the" Copley Medal 1781 Richard Kirwan As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry. For his chemical analyses of Salts. Copley Medal 1782 John Goodricke For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol. Copley Medal 1783 Thomas Hutchins For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation. Copley Medal 1783 Edward Waring "For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series." Copley Medal 1784 William Roy For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath. Copley Medal 1785 John Hunter "For his three Papers, - On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787." Copley Medal 1787 Charles Blagden "For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions." Copley Medal 1788 William Morgan "For his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships, printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions." Copley Medal 1789 James Rennell "For his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels, printed in the last (81st) volume of the Philosophical Transactions." Copley Medal 1791 John Andrew de Luc For his Improvements in Hygrometry. Copley Medal 1791 "Benjamin, Count of Rumford" For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat. Copley Medal 1792 "Volta, of Pavia" For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani. Copley Medal 1794 Jesse Ramsden "For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates." Copley Medal 1795 George Attwood "For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies." Copley Medal 1796 George Shuckburgh Evelyn For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. Copley Medal 1798 Charles Hatchett For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions. Copley Medal 1798 John Hellins "For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers. " Copley Medal 1799 Edward Howard For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury. Copley Medal 1800 Astley Paston Cooper For his Papers - on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness. Copley Medal 1801 William Hyde Wollaston For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. Copley Medal 1802 Richard Chenevix For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. Copley Medal 1803 Smithson Tennant "For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions." Copley Medal 1804 Humphry Davy For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions. Copley Medal 1805 Thomas Andrew Knight "For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions." Copley Medal 1806 Everard Home "For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions." Copley Medal 1807 William Henry "For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions." Copley Medal 1808 Edward Troughton "For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions." Copley Medal 1809 Benjamin Collins Brodie "For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons." Copley Medal 1811 William Thomas Brande "For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions." Copley Medal 1813 James Ivory For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions. Copley Medal 1814 David Brewster For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies. Copley Medal 1815 Henry Kater For his Experiments on the Pendulum. Copley Medal 1817 Robert Seppings "For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions." Copley Medal 1818 John Christian Oersted For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries. Copley Medal 1820 Edward Sabine For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions. Copley Medal 1821 John FW Herschel For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. Copley Medal 1821 William Buckland For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale. Copley Medal 1822 John Pond For his various Communications to the Royal Society. Copley Medal 1823 John Brinkley For his various Communications to the Royal Society. Copley Medal 1824 Francois Arago "For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, a" Copley Medal 1825 Peter Barlow For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. Copley Medal 1825 James South "For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hu" Copley Medal 1826 William Prout and Henry Foster "For his Paper, entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general. (Prout); For his magnetic and other observations made during the Arctic expedition to Port " Copley Medal 1827 George Biddell Airy "For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, - On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Soc" Copley Medal 1831 Michael Faraday "For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year." Copley Medal 1832 Simeon Denis Poisson " For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire." Copley Medal 1832 Giovanni Plana "For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune." Copley Medal 1834 William Snow Harris For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834. Copley Medal 1835 Jons Jacob Bezelius "For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works." Copley Medal 1836 Francis Kiernan "For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833." Copley Medal 1836 Antoine C "Becquerel; John Frederic Daniell. For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and o" Copley Medal 1837 Karl Friedrich Gauss For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism. Copley Medal 1838 Michael Faraday For his researches in specific electrical induction. Copley Medal 1838 Robert Brown "For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation." Copley Medal 1839 Justus Liebig "For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals. " Copley Medal 1840 Jacques Charles Francois Sturm "For his ""Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques,"" published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835." Copley Medal 1840 George Simon Ohm "For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet." Copley Medal 1841 James MacCullagh "For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy." Copley Medal 1842 Jean Baptiste Dumas "For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nit" Copley Medal 1843 Carlo Matteucci or his various researches in animal electricity Copley Medal 1844 Theodor Schwann "For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Bflanzen." Copley Medal 1845 Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the Copley Medal 1846 John Frederick William Herschel "For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825." Copley Medal 1847 John Couch Adams "For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto." Copley Medal 1848 Roderick Impey Murchison "For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System," Copley Medal 1849 Peter Andreas Hansen For his researches in physical astronomy. Copley Medal 1850 Richard Owen "On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works. " Copley Medal 1851 Alexander von Humboldt "For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years." Copley Medal 1852 Heinrich Wilhelm Dove For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth. Copley Medal 1853 Jean Bernard Leon Foucault "For his various researches in experimental physics.1854 Johannes Muller. For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in " Copley Medal 1855 Henry Milne-Edwards For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology. Copley Medal 1856 Michael Eugene Chevreul "For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, andf for his researches on the contrast of coulours." Copley Medal 1857 Charles Lyell For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology. Copley Medal 1858 Wilhelm Eduard Weber "For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics, &c." Copley Medal 1859 Robert Wilhelm Bunsen "For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches." Copley Medal 1860 Louis Agassiz "For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse." Copley Medal 1861 Thomas Graham "For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, i" Copley Medal 1862 Adam Sedgwick "For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their f" Copley Medal 1863 Charles Darwin "For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology." Copley Medal 1864 Michel Chasles For his historical and original researches in pure geometry. Copley Medal 1865 Julius Plucker "For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis." Copley Medal 1866 Karl Ernst von Baer "For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology." Copley Medal 1867 Charles Wheatstone "For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism." Copley Medal 1868 Henri Victor Regnault "For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaries au calcul des machines a feu, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the e" Copley Medal 1869 James Prescott Joule For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat. Copley Medal 1870 Julius Robert von Mayer For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: - 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat. Copley Medal 1871 Friedrich Wohler "For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; " Copley Medal 1872 Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand Helmholtz For his researches in physics and physiology. Copley Medal 1873 Louis Pasteur For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine. Copley Medal 1874 August Wilhelm Hofmann "For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia." Copley Medal 1875 Claude Bernard For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology. Copley Medal 1876 James Dwight Dana "For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published." Copley Medal 1877 Jean Baptiste Boussingault For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry. Copley Medal 1878 Rudolph Julius Emmanuel Clausius For his well-known researches upon heat. Copley Medal 1879 James Joseph Sylvester For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics. Copley Medal 1880 Karl Adolph Wurtz "For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry." Copley Medal 1881 Arthur Cayley For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics. Copley Medal 1882 William Thomson "For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics." Copley Medal 1883 Carl Ludwig "For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science." Copley Medal 1884 August Kekule For his researches in organic chemistry. Copley Medal 1885 Franz Ernst Neumann For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics. Copley Medal 1886 Joseph Dalton Hooker "For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller." Copley Medal 1887 Thomas Henry Huxley "For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years." Copley Medal 1888 George Salmon "For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author." Copley Medal 1889 Simon Newcomb For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy. Copley Medal 1890 Stanislao Cannizzaro For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory. Copley Medal 1891 Rudolf Virchow "For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology." Copley Medal 1892 George Gabriel Stokes For his researches and discoveries in physical science. Copley Medal 1893 Edward Frankland For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry. Copley Medal 1894 Karl Weierstrass For his investigations in pure mathematics. Copley Medal 1895 Karl Gegenbaur "For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc." Copley Medal 1896 Albert von Kolliker "In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist." Copley Medal 1897 William Huggins For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies. Copley Medal 1898 Lord Rayleigh In recognition of his contributions to physical science.  Copley Medal 1899 Marcellin Berthelot For his brilliant services to chemical science. Copley Medal 1900 J Willard Gibbs For his contributions to mathematical physics. Copley Medal 1901 Lord Lister In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery. Copley Medal 1902 Eduard Suess "For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work ""Das Antlitz der Erde""." Copley Medal 1903 William Crookes "For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects." Copley Medal 1904 Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleeff For his contributions to chemical and physical science. Copley Medal 1905 Elias Metchnikoff On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology. Copley Medal 1906 Albert Abraham Michelson On the ground of his investigations in optics Copley Medal 1907 Alfred Russel Wallace "On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection." Copley Medal 1908 George William Hill On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy. Copley Medal 1909 Francis Galton On the ground of his researches in heredity. Copley Medal 1910 George Howard Darwin "On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects." Copley Medal 1911 Felix Klein On the ground of his researches in mathematics Copley Medal 1912 Ray Lankester On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him. Copley Medal 1913 Joseph John Thomson On the ground of his discoveries in physical science Copley Medal 1914 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system. Copley Medal 1915 James Dewar "For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases." Copley Medal 1916 Emil Roux "On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy." Copley Medal 1917 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics. Copley Medal 1918 William M Bayliss On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics. Copley Medal 1919 Horace Brown "On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c." Copley Medal 1920 Joseph Larmor For his researches in mathematical physics. Copley Medal 1921 Ernest Rutherford For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure Copley Medal 1922 Horace Lamb For his researches in mathematical physics. Copley Medal 1923 E Sharpey-Schafer For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences. Copley Medal 1924 Albert Einstein For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory. Copley Medal 1925 Frederick Hopkins For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry. Copley Medal 1926 Charles Sherrington For his distinguished work on neurology. Copley Medal 1927 Charles Parsons For his contributions to engineering science. Copley Medal 1928 Max Planck For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory. Copley Medal 1929 William Bragg For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity. Copley Medal 1930 Arthur Schuster For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism. Copley Medal 1931 George Ellery Hale "For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory." Copley Medal 1932 Theobald Smith For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man. Copley Medal 1933 John Scott Haldane "In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering." Copley Medal 1934 Charles Thomson Rees Wilson For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties. Copley Medal 1935 Arthur Evans "In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age." Copley Medal 1936 Henry Dale "In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems." Copley Medal 1937 Niels Bohr In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure. Copley Medal 1938 Thomas Hunt Morgan "For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution." Copley Medal 1939 Paul Langevin "For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics." Copley Medal 1940 Thomas Lewis For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart. Copley Medal 1941 Robert Robinson For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry. Copley Medal 1942 Joseph Barcroft For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood. Copley Medal 1943 Geoffrey Taylor "For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications." Copley Medal 1944 Oswald Theodore Avery For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases. Copley Medal 1945 Edgar Douglas Adrian "For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions." Copley Medal 1946 Godfrey Harold Hardy For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years. Copley Medal 1947 Archibald Vivian Hill For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues. Copley Medal 1948 George Charles De Hevesy For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes. Copley Medal 1949 James Chadwick "For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron. " Copley Medal 1950 David Keilin "For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes." Copley Medal 1951 Paul Adrian Maurice Dirac In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics. Copley Medal 1952 Albert Jan Kluyver For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology. Copley Medal 1953 Edmund Whittaker For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics. Copley Medal 1954 Ronald Fisher In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology. Copley Medal 1955 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism. Copley Medal 1956 Howard Florey In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine. Copley Medal 1957 John Edensor Littlewood "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations." Copley Medal 1958 Macfarlane Burnet In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology. Copley Medal 1959 Harold Jeffreys "In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy." Copley Medal 1960 Hans Krebs "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles." Copley Medal 1961 Cyril Hinshelwood "In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy." Copley Medal 1962 Paul Fildes In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology. Copley Medal 1963 Sydney Chapman "In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis." Copley Medal 1964 AL Hodgkin "In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology." Copley Medal 1965 Lawrence Bragg In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction. Copley Medal 1966 B Katz In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction. Copley Medal 1967 T Reichstein In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids. Copley Medal 1968 Peter Medawar In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance. Copley Medal 1969 "Alexander Robertus, Baron Todd" In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types. Copley Medal 1970 Norman Wingate Pirie In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses. Copley Medal 1971 Nevill Mott In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics. Copley Medal 1972 AF Huxley In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction. Copley Medal 1973 William Hodge "In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals." Copley Medal 1974 Francis Crick In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology. Copley Medal 1975 Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin "In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin." Copley Medal 1976 Frederick Sanger In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids. Copley Medal 1977 Robert Burns Woodward In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry. Copley Medal 1978 Max Ferdinand Perutz In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject. Copley Medal 1979 Derek Barton "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and , in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry." Copley Medal 1980 Peter Dennis Mitchell In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction. Copley Medal 1981 John Cornforth In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules. Copley Medal 1982 Rodney Robert Porter In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins. Copley Medal 1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar "In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity." Copley Medal 1984 Aaron Klug In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them. Copley Medal 1985 Rudolf Peierls "In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials." Copley Medal 1986 Robert Hill In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis. Copley Medal 1987 Michael Atiyah "In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics." Copley Medal 1988 Cesar Milstein "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response." Copley Medal 1989 Abdus Salam "In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces." Copley Medal 1990 Sydney Brenner "In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project." Copley Medal 1991 Lord Porter of Luddenham In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology. Copley Medal 1992 JD Watson "In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome." Copley Medal 1993 Charles Frank "In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of dis" Copley Medal 1994 FJ Fenner In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease. Copley Medal 1995 Alan Cottrell "In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects." Copley Medal 1996 Hugh Esmor Huxley "In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology." Copley Medal 1997 James Michael Lighthill In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He Copley Medal 1998 John Maynard Smith "In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex " Copley Medal 1999 Alan Rushton Battersby "In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, s" Copley Medal 2000 Jacques Francis Albert Pierre Miller "For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, en" Copley Medal 2001 John Pople "For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology." Copley Medal 2002 Sir John Gurdon "For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, " Copley Medal 2003 Sir Harold Kroto "In recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in c" Copley Medal 2004 Sir Paul Nurse "For his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division." Copley Medal 2005 Stephen Hawking For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. Copley Medal 2006 Robert May "For his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance." Copley Medal 2007 Roger Penrose "For his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang." Copley Medal 2008 Martin Evans "For his seminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice, which revolutionised the field of genetics." Copley Medal 2009 David Cox For his seminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics Copley Medal 2010 Tomas Lindahl For his seminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair. Copley Medal 2010 Robert William Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff For their researches & discoveries in spectrum analysis. Davy Medal 1877 Louis Paul Cailletet and Raoul Pictet "For their researches, conducted independently, but contemporaneously, on the condensation of the so-called permanent gases." Davy Medal 1878 Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran For his discovery of gallium. Davy Medal 1879 Charles Friedel "For his researches on the organic compounds of silicon, and other investigations." Davy Medal 1880 Adolf Baeyer For his synthesis of indigo. Davy Medal 1881 D Mendelejeff and Lothar Meyer For their discovery of the periodic relations of the atomic weights. Davy Medal 1882 Marcellin Berthelot and Julius Thomsen For their researches in thermo-chemistry. Davy Medal 1883 Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe For his researches in the isomerism of alcohols. Davy Medal 1884 Jean Servais Stas For his researches on the atomic weights. Davy Medal 1885 Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac For his researches on atomic weights. Davy Medal 1886 John AR Newlands For his discovery of the periodic law of the chemical elements. Davy Medal 1887 William Crookes For his investigations on the behaviour of substances under the influences of the electric discharge in a high vacuum. Davy Medal 1888 William Henry Perkin For his researches on magnetic rotation in relation to chemical constitution. Davy Medal 1889 Emil Fischer For his discoveries in organic chemistry and especially for his researches on the carbo-hydrates. Davy Medal 1890 Victor Meyer For his researches on the determination of vapour densities at high temperatures. Davy Medal 1891 Francois Marie Raoult "For his researches on the freezing points of solutions, and on the vapour pressures of solutions." Davy Medal 1892 JH vant Hoff and JA Le Bel "In recognition of their introduction of the theory of asymmetric carbon, and its use in explaining the constitution of optically active carbon compounds." Davy Medal 1893 Per Theodor Cleve For his researches on the chemistry of the rare earths. Davy Medal 1894 William Ramsay "For his share in the discovery of argon, and for his discoveries regarding gaseous constituents of terrestrial minerals." Davy Medal 1895 Henri Moissan "For the isolation of fluorine, and the use of the electric furnace in the preparation of refractory metals and their compounds." Davy Medal 1896 John Hall Gladstone "For his numerous contributions to chemical science, and especially for his important work in the application of optical methods to chemistry." Davy Medal 1897 Johannes Wislicenus For his contributions to organic chemistry especially in the domain of stereochemical isomerism. Davy Medal 1898 Edward Schunck "For his researches on madder, indigo, and chlorophyll." Davy Medal 1899 Guglielmo Koerner For his brilliant investigations on the position theory of the aromatic compounds. Davy Medal 1900 George Downing Living For his contributions to spectroscopy. Davy Medal 1901 Svante August Arrhenius For the application of the theory of dissociation to the explanation of chemical change. Davy Medal 1902 Pierre and Madame Curie For their researches on radium. Davy Medal 1903 "William Henry Perkin, Jun" For his notable discoveries in organic chemistry. Davy Medal 1904 Albert Ladenburg "For his researches in organic chemistry, especially in connection with the synthesis of natural alkaloids." Davy Medal 1905 Rudolf Fittig For his investigations in chemistry especially his work on lactones and acids. Davy Medal 1906 Edward Williams Morley "On the ground of his contributions to physics and chemistry, and especially for his determinations of the relative atomic weights of hydrogen & oxygen." Davy Medal 1907 William A Tilden "On the ground of his discoveries in chemistry, especially on the terpenes and on atomic heats." Davy Medal 1908 James Dewar On the ground of his researches at low temperatures. Davy Medal 1909 Theodore W Richards On the ground of his researches on the detrmination of atomic weights. Davy Medal 1910 Henry Edward Armstrong On the ground of his researches in organic and general chemistry. Davy Medal 1911 Otto Wallach "On the ground of his researches on the chemistry of the essential oils, and the cyclo-olefines." Davy Medal 1912 Raphael Meldola On the ground of work in synthetic chemistry. Davy Medal 1913 William Jackson Pope On the ground of his important contributions to structural & organic chemistry. Davy Medal 1914 Paul Sabatier "For his researches on contact action, and the application of finely divided metals as catalytic agents." Davy Medal 1915 Henri le Chatelier On the ground of his eminence as a chemist. Davy Medal 1916 Albin Haller On the ground of his important researches in the domain of organic chemistry. Davy Medal 1917 F Stanley Kipping On the ground of his studies in the camphor group and among the organic derivatives of nitrogen and silicon. Davy Medal 1918 Percy F Frankland "On the ground of his distinguished work in chemistry, especially that on optical activity, and on fermentation." Davy Medal 1919 Charles T Heycock On the ground of his work in physical chemistry and more especially on the composition & constitution of alloys. Davy Medal 1920 Philippe A Guye For his researches in physical chemistry. Davy Medal 1921 Jocelyn Field Thorpe For his researches in synthetic organic chemistry. Davy Medal 1922 Herbert B Baker For his researches on the complete drying of gases and liquids. Davy Medal 1923 Arthur George Perkin For his researches on the structure of natural colouring matters. Davy Medal 1924 James Irvine For his work on the constitution of the sugars. Davy Medal 1925 James Walker For his work on the theory of ionisation. Davy Medal 1926 Arthur Amos Noyes "For his work in physical chemistry, especially on the subject of electrolytic solutions." Davy Medal 1927 Frederick George Donnan For his contributions to physical chemistry and particularly for his theory of membrane equilibrium. Davy Medal 1928 Gilbert Newton Lewis For his contributions to classical thermodynamics and the theory of valency. Davy Medal 1929 Robert Robinson For his work on the constitution and synthesis of natural products; also for his contributions to the theory of organic reactions. Davy Medal 1930 Arthur Lapworth "For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly those connected with tautomerism and the mechanism of organic reactions." Davy Medal 1931 Richard Willstatter For his distinguished researches in organic chemistry. Davy Medal 1932 William Hobson Mills "For his researches in organic chemistry, and for his work on the synthesis and properties of the cyanine dyes, and more especially for his investigation of novel types of asymmetric molecules." Davy Medal 1933 Walter Norman Haworth For his researches on the molecular structure of carbohydrates. Davy Medal 1934 Arthur Harden For his distinguished work in biochemistry and especially for his fundamental discoveries in the chemistry of alcoholic fermentation. Davy Medal 1935 William Arthur Bone For his pioneer work on contact catalysis and his researches on the mechanism of combustion of hydrocarbons and on the nature of flames and on gaseous explosions. Davy Medal 1936 Hans Fischer "In recognition of his work on the chemistry of the porphyrins, particularly his determination of their detailed structure by degradation and his syntheses of porphyrins of biological importance." Davy Medal 1937 George Barger In recognition of his distinguished researches on alkaloids and other natural products. Davy Medal 1938 James William McBain "For having opened up the study of colloidal electrolytes, provided the elements of the guiding theory, and developed the subject." Davy Medal 1939 Harold Clayton Urey "For his isolation of deuterium, the heavy hydrogen isotope, and for his work on this and other isotopes in following the detailed course of chemical reactions." Davy Medal 1940 Henry Drysdale Dakin For his work as a pioneer in biochemical research and especially because of his fundamental contributions to the study of intermediate metabolism. Davy Medal 1941 Cyril Norman Hinshelwood In recognition of his distinguished work on the mechanism of chemical reactions. Davy Medal 1942 Ian Morris Heilbron "In recognition of his many notable contributions to organic chemistry, especially to the chemistry of natural products of physiological importance." Davy Medal 1943 Robert Robertson "In recognition of his researches on explosives, analytical methods, the internal structure of diamond, and infra-red absorption spectra." Davy Medal 1944 Roger Adams In recognition of his extensive researches in the field of organic chemistry and of his recent work in the alkaloid field. Davy Medal 1945 Christopher Kelk Ingold In recognition of his distinguished work in applying physical methods to problems in organic chemistry. Davy Medal 1946 Linus Carl Pauling In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the theory of valency and for theor application to systems of biological importance. Davy Medal 1947 Edmund Langley Hirst "In recognition of his outstanding work in the determination of the structure of sugars, starches, plant gums and especially of vitamin C." Davy Medal 1948 Alexander Robertus Todd "For his structural synthetic studies and achievements in organic and bio-chemistry, with special reference to vitamins B1 and E and the naturally occurring nucleosides." Davy Medal 1949 John Simonsen "For his distinguished researches on the constitution of natural products, especially the plant hydro-carbons and their derivatives." Davy Medal 1950 Eric Rideal For his distinguished contributions to the subject of surface chemistry. Davy Medal 1951 Alexander Robertson "In recognition of his researches into the chemistry of natural products, particularly the wide range of glycosides, bitter principles and colouring matters containing heterocyclic oxygen atoms." Davy Medal 1952 John Lennard-Jones For his distinguished work on the applications of quantum mechanics to the theory of valency and to the analysis of the intimate structure of decimal compounds. Davy Medal 1953 James Wilfred Cook For his distinguished fundamental investigations in organic chemistry. Davy Medal 1954 Harry Work Melville In recognition of his distinguished work in physical chemistry and in polymer reactions. Davy Medal 1955 Robert Downs Haworth In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the chemistry of natural products particularly those containing heterocyclic systems. Davy Medal 1956 Kathleen Lonsdale In recognition of her distinguished studies in the structure and growth of crystals. Davy Medal 1957 Ronald George Wreyford Norrish "In recognition of his distinguished work in chemical kinetics, especially in photochemistry." Davy Medal 1958 Robert Burns Woodward In recognition of his distinguished researches in organic chemistry and particularly for his contributions to the structure and synthesis of natural products. Davy Medal 1959 John Monteath Robertson "In recognition of his distinguished pioneering work on the analysis of crystal structure, especially of organic compounds." Davy Medal 1960 Derek Harold Richard Barton "In recognition of his distinguished researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the structure and stereochemistry of natural products of the terpene and steroid series; and the analysis of the conformation of cyclic structures." Davy Medal 1961 Harry Julius Emeleus In recognition of his distinguished researches in inorganic chemistry and the discovery and examination of a wide range of new compounds. Davy Medal 1962 Edmund John Bowen "In recognition of his distinguished work on the elucidation of photochemical reactions, and for his study of fluorescence and phosphorescence in relation to the molecular processes concerned." Davy Medal 1963 Melvin Calvin "In recognition of his pioneering work in chemistry and biology, particularly his elucidation of the photosynthetic pathway for the incorporation of carbon dioxide by plants." Davy Medal 1964 Harold Warris Thompson In recognition of his distinguished contributions to infra-red spectroscopy and its application to chemical problems. Davy Medal 1965 Ewart Jones In recognition of his distinguished contributions to synthetic organic chemistry and to the elucidation of the structures of natural products. Davy Medal 1966 Vladimir Prelog In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of stereochemical concepts and on the structure of alkaloids and antibiotics. Davy Medal 1967 John Warcup Cornforth and George Joseph Popjak In recognition of their distinguished joint work on the elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway to polyisoprenoids and steroids. Davy Medal 1968 Frederick Sydney Dainton In recognition of his distinguished work on the mechanisms of chemical reactions. Davy Medal 1969 Charles Alfred Coulson In recognition of his distinguished work in theoretical chemistry. Davy Medal 1970 George Porter In recognition of his distinguished contributions to our understanding of chemical reactions. Davy Medal 1971 Arthur John Birch In recognition of his distinguished biosynthetic studies of organic natural products and his development of new reagents for reduction processes. Davy Medal 1972 John Stuart Anderson In recognition of his distinguished contributions to chemistry especially on the structural investigation of imperfect surfaces and non-stoichiometric materials. Davy Medal 1973 James Baddiley In recognition of his distinguished researches on coenzyme A and studies of the constituents of bacterial cell walls. Davy Medal 1974 Theodore Morris Sugden In recognition of his distinguished contributions to physical chemistry including particularly the reactions occurring in flames. Davy Medal 1975 Rex Edward Richards In recognition of his outstanding contributions to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its application to chemical and biological problems. Davy Medal 1976 Alan Rushton Battersby In recognition of his outstanding and internationally recognized contributions to biosynthesis - his meticulous and logical unravelling of the complex pathways by which alkaloids and porphyrins are elaborated in vivo. Davy Medal 1977 Albert Eschenmoser "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to modern synthetic organic chemistry, well illustrated by his impressive total synthesis of vitamin B12." Davy Medal 1978 Joseph Chatt In recognition of his distinguished contributions to transition metal chemistry and the understanding of catalysis involving ligating molecules such as olefins or dinitrogen. Davy Medal 1979 Alan Woodworth Johnson "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the chemistry of natural products including vitamin B12 porphyrins, plant germination factors and insect hormones and pheromones." Davy Medal 1980 Ralph Alexander Raphael In recognition of his distinguished contributions to organic synthesis and in particular his ingenious applications of acetylenic intermediates. Davy Medal 1981 Michael James Steuart Dewar In recognition of his distinguished studies of the mechanisms of a wide range of chemical reactions based on semi-empirical wave mechanical calculations. Davy Medal 1982 Duilio Arigoni In recognition of his distinguished creativity in the fields of biosynthesis and bioorganic stereochemistry. Davy Medal 1983 Sam Edwards In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the theoretical basis of thermodynamic aspects of polymer chemistry. Davy Medal 1984 Jack Lewis "For his outstanding work on the structure and reactivity of metal cluster compounds, including pioneering work on carbido and hydrido derivatives, and pi-donor organic molecules." Davy Medal 1985 AG Ogston In recognition of his early seminal proposal of the ways enzymes deal asymmetrically with symmetrical substrates and his later quantitative analysis of macromolecule interactions which elucidated polymer exclusion effects. Davy Medal 1986 Alec John Jeffreys In recognition of his contributions to the chemistry of human DNA - in particular the discovery and exploitation of hypervariable satellites in the human genome. Davy Medal 1987 JA Pople "In recognition of his wide-ranging contributions to theoretical chemistry, especially his development and application of techniques for the computation of molecular wave-functions and properties." Davy Medal 1988 Francis Gordon Albert Stone "In recognition of his many distinguished contributions to organometallic chemistry, including the discovery that species containing carbon-metal of metal-metal multiple bonds are versatile reagents for synthesis of cluster compounds with bonds between dif" Davy Medal 1989 Keith Usherwood Ingold "For pioneering the quantitative study of free radical reactions in solution, in glasses and in living organisms, particularly using electron magnetic resonance." Davy Medal 1990 JR Knowles "In recognition of his contributions to mechanistic chemistry integrated with enzymology, particularly the application of chemical methods to solve fundamental biological problems of recognition and catalysis." Davy Medal 1991 A Carrington Distinguished for the determination and characterization of the molecular spectra of transient species. Davy Medal 1992 Jack E Baldwin "Distinguished for his contributions to bio-organic chemistry, in particular to an understanding of the biosynthesis of beta-lactam antibodies." Davy Medal 1993 John Meurig Thomas "For his pioneering studies of solid-state chemistry, and for the major advances he has made in the design of new materials for heterogeneous catalysis." Davy Medal 1994 MLH Green In recognition of his contribution to organometallic chemistry with particular application to catalytic reactions. Davy Medal 1995 Geoffrey Wilkinson In recognition of his contribution to organotransition metal chemistry and the development of homogeneous catalysis and his work on hydroformylation. Davy Medal 1996 Jean-Marie Pierre Lehn "In recognition of his work on supramolecular chemistry, on self-assembling molecules and on chemical devices." Davy Medal 1997 Alan Roy Fersht "In recognition for his pioneering work on the analysis of proteins by combining the methods and ideas of physical-organic chemistry with those of protein engineering thus illuminating such processes as enzymatic catalysis, protein folding, protein-protein" Davy Medal 1998 Malcolm Harold Chisholm "In recognition of his leading work in inorganic chemistry, particularly his major impact on the chemistry of transition metals and his pioneering research on the unique triply metal-metal bonded dimolybdenum and ditungsten dialkylamides, alkoxides and alk" Davy Medal 1999 Steven Victor Ley "In recognition of his invention of new synthetic methods applied to the synthesis of complex natural products including those from insects, micro-organisms and plants. Among his most outstanding successes have been the synthesis of avermectin B1a, tetrona" Davy Medal 2000 Alastair Ian Scott "For his pioneering contributions to the understanding of biosynthetic pathways, and in particular for his work on vitamin B12. He is a world leader in his area and the impact of his discoveries are likely to have a significant effect on the way natural pr" Davy Medal 2001 Neil Bartlett "For his research exploring the highest oxidation limits of the less oxidizable elements, primarily using elemental flourine. He has exposed the new chemistry of the noble gases and new procedures for attaining high oxidation state limits across the elemen" Davy Medal 2002 Roger Parsons "For his distinguished career in electochemistry. He developed the method of preparing, for the first time, clean and well-defined metal surfaces and putting them into contact with the electrolyte without contamination." Davy Medal 2003 Takeshi Oka "For his many and varied contributions to molecular spectroscopy and its applications, particularly to astronomy." Davy Medal 2004 Chris Dobson "For his work on the application of NMR and other structural methods for studying protein folding and misfolding, especially the formation of amyloid fibrils, leading to novel insights on protein structure and folding." Davy Medal 2005 Martin Pope For his pioneering work in the field of molecular semiconductors which has now become a large and important area of semiconductor science and technology. Davy Medal 2006 John Simons "For his many innovative experimental contributions to a broad area of chemical physics, including molecular reaction dynamics, molecular spectroscopy and most recently, biophysical chemistry." Davy Medal 2007 Fraser Stoddart For his contributions in molecular technology. His work bridges the gap between chemistry and the scientific and engineering challenges of nanoelectromechanical systems. Davy Medal 2008 Jeremy Sanders "For his pioneering contributions to several fields, most recently to the field of dynamic combinatorial chemistry at the forefront of supramolecular chemistry." Davy Medal 2009 Carol Robinson For her ground-breaking and novel use of mass spectrometry for the characterisation of large protein complexes. Davy Medal 2010 Kelvin Arthur Bray For the promotion and practical application of the gas turbine total energy concept. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1974 Hoyte Clarke Hottel and Harry Tabor For their pioneering contributions to the science and technology of solar energy collection. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1975 Thomas Bruce Jackson For his work in the development of an optimum control for heating systems for buildings. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1976 "John Mason Ward, Anthony Bernard Hart, Brian Hearn, James William Laxton and Geoffrey Michael Wilfred Mann" For their combined achievements in energy conservation realized from their researches into the prevention of corrosion in power stations. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1977 "Alexander Gilchrist Frame, John Michael Laithwaite, Alfred David Evans, John Frederick William Bishop and Thomas Nelson Marsham" "For their joint contributions, variously through the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority and the Nuclear Power Company, to the development of the successful Prototype Fast Reactor at Dounreay which was commissioned in 1976." Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1978 Vernon Walter Eldred and John Edwin Harris "For their joint contributions, varioiusly and through the Berkeley Laboratories of the Central Electricity Generating Board and Windscale Laboratories of the UKAEA, to major improvements in nuclear fuel utilization in the Magnox reactors of the CEGB." Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1979 Bodo Linnhoff For his contribution to the design of process plants and their energy utilization. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1981 Dennis Ian Robertson "For his significant contribution to energy saving, by the successful development of the coordinated traffic signal system TRANSYT." Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1982 Jeffrey Masters and Roger John Webb For their development of a recuperative burner system for gas-fired furnaces. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1983 Robert Bond For his contribution to achieving both skid resistance and rolling resistance properties in motor tyres. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1984 "Peter John Lawrenson, John Michael Stephenson, Rex Mountford Davis and William Frederick Ray" "For their work on the development, to commercial marketability, of switched reluctance drives which provide for significant overall energy savings, compared with traditional a.c. squirrel-cage motors, for instance, in controlled applications." Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1985 "Peter Wilfred White, Michael John Priestley Cullen, Allan John Gadd, Colin Richard Flood, Timothy Noel Palmer, Kenneth Pollard and Glenn Shutts" "For their development and introduction of a global weather forecasting model that provided accurate forecasts of wind and temperature for the civil aviation industry by which aircraft routes were selected, making maximum use of prevailing winds, resulting" Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1986 "Donald Haydn Dykins, David Milwain McRae and Jeffrey Addison Jupp" For their work in wing design technology for civil aircraft which led to increased aerodynamic efficiency and consequent savings in fuel. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1987 "Christopher James Lawn, Alexander Taylor Smith Cunningham, Brian John Gliddon, Peter John Jackson, Allan Robert Jones, Malcom Sarjeant, Richard Thomas Squires and Peter John Street" For their work in improving the combustion of heavy fuel oils which had led to increased use and mobilization of scarce resources coupled with a decrease in air pollution from this particular type of plant. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1988 Joseph Andrew Clarke and Thomas Watt Maver For the development of the CEC Reference Energy Model and its dissemination to building designers through an innovative energy design advisory service. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1989 Kevin Fred Pomfret and John Dorian Waddington For the development and exploitation of gas-fired rapid heating furnaces for the industrial metal reheating market. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1990 Frank Fitzgerald For his part in improving the energy efficiency of the British Steel Corporation and subsequently reducing costs following the energy crises which occurred in the years 1974 and 1979. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1991 "Paul-Henri Rebut, Martin Keilhacker, Alan Gibson and Michael Huguet" For the Joint European Torus (JET) Project and its role in the development of nuclear fusion as a potential new major energy source. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1992 Robert Stirling and Paul Skudder "For their work on Ohmic heating, a new technology for producing high-quality long-life non-refrigerated meals." Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1993 "Trevor Whittaker, Raghu Raghunathan, Adrian Long and Alan Wells" For their work on the design and development of shoreline wave power stations. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1994 "Brian Anderson, Jake Chapman and George Henderson" For their work on the development and implementation of Home Energy Ratings in the UK. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1995 "Terence Valentine Jones, Martin Louis Gascolyne Oldfield, Roger Williams Ainsworth and Peter Thomas Ireland" For their work in increasing cooling efficiency in turbines. Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1996 "SA Barnes, GH Williams, AJ Wickham and CJ Bolton" "For their work on extending the life of Magnox Reactors involving an improved understanding of the science governing the degradation mechanism associated with corrosion, the graphite core and the irradiation embrittlement of steel pressure vessels culmina" Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1997 "Mir Mahmood Sarshar, Emil Gyorgy Arato, Wai Lam Loh and Najam Beg" For their work on the WELLCOM system enabling energy from high pressure (HP) oil wells to be used to boost production and increase total energy recovery from nearby low pressure (LP) wells. The system uses an in-line separator to divide the liquid and gas Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1998 Takeshi Uchiyamada "For his work on the Toyota Hybrid System (THS) used to power the ’Prius’ saloon car . The system comprises a high-efficiency 1.5 litre petroleum engine, a transmission system which allocates power via a planetary gear system, an electric motor generator, " Royal Society Esso Energy Award 1999 Charles Taylor "For his outstanding presentations of physics and applications of physics, aimed at audiences from six-year-old primary school children to adults." Michael Faraday Prize 1986 Peter Medawar "For the contribution his books had made in presenting to the public, and to scientists themselves, the intellectual nature and the essential humanity of pursuing science at the highest level and the part it played in our modern culture." Michael Faraday Prize 1987 Christopher Zeeman For the contributions he has made to the popularization of mathematics. Michael Faraday Prize 1988 Colin Blakemore "For his written, broadcast and public presentations on the science of the brain, which are superbly crafted for lay and expert audiences alike." Michael Faraday Prize 1989 Richard Dawkins "For his written, broadcast and public presentations which are accessible, imaginative and enjoyed by large audiences." Michael Faraday Prize 1990 George Porter "In recognition of his outstanding contribution to improving the public understanding of science through his many public lectures and broadcasts, his directorship of the Royal Institution and presidencies of the Royal Society and British Association and hi" Michael Faraday Prize 1991 Richard Gregory "For his many popular books and papers, his countless public lectures and television and radio appearances, and his creation of the Exploratory Hands-on Science Centre in Bristol." Michael Faraday Prize 1992 Ian Fells "For his many written articles for the national press and popular science journals, his public lectures on many platforms often tailored for school children, and his major contribution in broadcasting where he has had an input to over 350 radio and televis" Michael Faraday Prize 1993 Walter Bodmer For his outstanding achievement in raising the public understanding of science and technology as an issue of the highest importance to individual scientists and engineers and to many bodies that represent them. Michael Faraday Prize 1994 Ian Stewart "For his work in communicating mathematical ideas to the widest possible range of audiences through his many thought-provoking books and magazine articles, his radio and television presentations, and his energetic public lectures in schools and industry on" Michael Faraday Prize 1995 Steve Jones "For his numerous, wide ranging contributions to the public understanding of science in areas such as human evolution and variation, race, sex, inherited disease and genetic manipulation through his many broadcasts on radio and television, his lectures, po" Michael Faraday Prize 1996 David Phillips "For his outstanding talents in the communication of scientific principles, methods and applications to young audiences through his many demonstration lectures with wit, clarity and enthusiasm on a wide variety of topics from basic science to modern laser " Michael Faraday Prize 1997 Susan Greenfield "For her outstanding talents in communicating to the public how the brain works, popularising brain studies via The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, lecturing both in Britain and overseas to a wide variety of audiences, including young people, both in" Michael Faraday Prize 1998 Robert Winston For his outstanding contribution to the public understanding of human infertility and in vitro fertilisation. He has published five books as well as contributing to many newspaper articles. He is renowned as a gifted communicator especially to non-scienti Michael Faraday Prize 1999 Lewis Wolpert For his enormous contribution to the public understanding of science most notably through his Chairmanship of COPUS and his varied and wide-ranging television and radio programmes as well as his regular contributions to the national broadsheet newspapers. Michael Faraday Prize 2000 http://royalsociety.org/events/2001/science-belief/ Harold Kroto For his dedication to the notion of working scientists being communicators of their work and in particular for his establishment of the Vega Science Trust whose films and related activities reflect the excitement of scientific discovery to the public. Michael Faraday Prize 2001 Paul Davies "In recognition of his dedication to communicating, through lectures, books, broadcasts and discussions, the sense of wonder that drives scientific research. " Michael Faraday Prize 2002 David Attenborough "In recognition of his dedication to communicating, through lectures, books, broadcasts and discussions, the sense of wonder that drives scientific research. " Michael Faraday Prize 2003 http://royalsociety.org/events/2004/perception-deception/ Martin Rees Einstein's legacy as a scientist and icon. Michael Faraday Prize 2004 http://royalsociety.org/events/2005/einstein-icon-scientist/ Fran Balkwill A silent killer? Michael Faraday Prize 2005 http://royalsociety.org/events/2006/silent-killer/ Richard Fortey A natural history of scientists. Michael Faraday Prize 2006 http://royalsociety.org/events/2007/natural-history-scientists/ Jim Al-Kahlili The House of Wisdom and the legacy of Arabic Science. Michael Faraday Prize 2007 http://royalsociety.org/events/2008/house-wisdom-arabic/ John Barrow Every picture tells a story. Michael Faraday Prize 2008 http://royalsociety.org/events/2009/picture-story/ Marcus du Sautoy The secret mathematicians. Michael Faraday Prize 2009 http://royalsociety.org/events/2010/secret-mathematicians/ Jocelyn Bell Burnell The end of the world in 2012? Science communication and science scares. Michael Faraday Prize 2010 http://royalsociety.org/events/2011/end-world/ Charles Sherrington Some functional problems attaching to convergence. Ferrier Lecture 1929 CU Ariens Kappers Some correlations between skull and brain. Ferrier Lecture 1932 Otto Loewi Problems connected with the principle of humeral transmission of nervous impulses. Ferrier Lecture 1935 Edgar Douglas Adrian Some problems of localization in the central nervous system. Ferrier Lecture 1938 Frederic Charles Bartlett Fatigue following highly skilled work. Ferrier Lecture 1941 Gordon Morgan Holmes The organization of the visual cortex in man. Ferrier Lecture 1944 Wilder Penfield Some observations of the cerebral cortex of Man. Ferrier Lecture 1947 John Zachary Young Growth and plasticity in the nervous system. Ferrier Lecture 1950 Francis Martin Rouse Walshe The contribution of clinical observation to cerebral physiology. Ferrier Lecture 1953 Wilfrid Edward Le Gros Clark Inquiries into the anatomical basis of olfactory discrimination. Ferrier Lecture 1956 John Carew Eccles The nature of central inhibitory action. Ferrier Lecture 1959 William Albert Hugh Rushton Visual adaptation. Ferrier Lecture 1962 Stephen William Kuffler Physiological properties of vertebrate and invertebrate neurological cells and the movement of substances through the nervous system. Ferrier Lecture 1965 Charles Garrett Phillips Studies of a primates brain and hand. Ferrier Lecture 1968 Avid Hunter Hubel and Torsten Nils Wiesel The function and architecture of the visual cortex. Ferrier Lecture 1971 Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg "Body temperature and fever, changes in our views during the last decade." Ferrier Lecture 1974 Janos Szentagothai "The neuron network of the cerebral cortex, a functional interpretation." Ferrier Lecture 1977 Horace Basil Barlow Cerebral cortex and the design of the eye. Ferrier Lecture 1980 Leslie Lars Iversen Amino acids and peptides: fast and slow chemical signals in the nervous system? Ferrier Lecture 1983 Giles Skey Brindley "The actions of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves in human micturition, erection and seminal emission, and their restoration in paraplegic patients by implanted electrical stimulators." Ferrier Lecture 1986 Lawrence Weiskrantz "Side glances at blindsight, recent approaches to implicit discrimination in human cortical blindness." Ferrier Lecture 1989 Gerald Westheimer "Seeing depth with two eyes, stereopsis." Ferrier Lecture 1992 Semir Zeki Behind the scene: an exploration of the visual brain. Ferrier Lecture 1995 Jean-Pierre Changeux The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and synaptic plasticity. Ferrier Lecture 1998 Andrew Gino Sita Lumsden Patterning the embryonic brain. Ferrier Lecture 2001 Alan Cowey 'Magnetic brain stimulation: what can it tell us about brain function?'. Ferrier Lecture 2004 http://royalsociety.org/events/2004/magnetic-brain-stimulation/ Marc Tessier-Lavigne Brain development and brain repair: Molecules and mechanisms that control neuronal wiring Ferrier Lecture 2007 http://royalsociety.org/events/2007/brain-development-repair/ Colin Blakemore "Plasticity of the brain: the key to human development, cognition and evolution" Ferrier Lecture 2010 http://royalsociety.org/events/2010/plasticity-brain/ Andrew Fielding Huxley Discovery: accident of design? Florey Lecture 1982 Frank John Fenner "Biological control, as exemplified by smallpox eradication and myxomatosis." Florey Lecture 1983 Arnold Stanley Vincent Burgen Order and disorder: targets for drug action. Florey Lecture 1984 Gustav Joseph Victor Nossal The regulatory biology of antibody formation. Florey Lecture 1985 Michael Anthony Epstein Vaccine prevention of virus-induced human cancers. Florey Lecture 1986 Robert Porter Corticomotoneuronal projections: synaptic events related to skilled movement. Florey Lecture 1987 John Bertrand Gurdon How an egg makes an embryo: the initiation of cell differentiation. Florey Lecture 1988 Antony Basten Self-tolerance: the key to autoimmunity. Florey Lecture 1989 Paul Nurse How is the cell cycle regulated? Florey Lecture 1990 D Metcalf The colony stimulating factors: discovery to clinical use. Florey Lecture 1991 Hugh Reginald Brentnall Pelham The secretion of protein by cells. Florey Lecture 1992 Noreen Elizabeth Murray "In recognition of her pioneering work in the field of genetic engineering, in particular for her development of the bacteriophage lambda system as a cloning [vector?] into which could be incorporated DNA fragments of over 5 kilobases in length." Gabor Medal 1989 AR Fersht In recognition of his pioneering work in the use of protein engineering to study protein structure and enzyme function. Gabor Medal 1991 C Weissmann "In recognition of his many contributions to molecular biology, including his innovative analysis of coliphage Q-beta by the introduction of methods for making site-specific mutations, and the cloning and expression of alpha-interferon genes in bacteria." Gabor Medal 1993 David Hopwood "In recognition of his pioneering and leading the growing field of the genetics of Streptomyces, and for developing the programming of the pervasive process of polyketide synthesis." Gabor Medal 1995 Kenneth Charles Holmes "In recognition of his achievements in molecular biology, in particular his pioneering analyses of biological structures and viruses, and his development of the use of synchrotron radiation for X-ray diffraction experiments, now a widely used technique not" Gabor Medal 1997 Adrian Peter Bird "In recognition of his pioneering work in the study of global mechanisms by which transcription of the mammalian genome is regulated and for his exploration into the molecular basis of fundamental biological mechanisms, particularly his development of ways" Gabor Medal 1999 M Azim Surani "In recognition of his discovery of mammalian genomic imprinting, revealing the expression of certain autosomal genes according to the parent of origin. Genomic imprinting has major implications for human genetics and the inheritance patterns of human dis" Gabor Medal 2001 Jean Beggs "For her contributions to the isolation and manipulation of recombinant DNA molecules in a eukaryotic organism, adding a new dimension to molecular and cellular biology." Gabor Medal 2003 Lionel Crawford "In recognition of his work on the small DNA tumour viruses, specifically the papova virus group, papilloma, polyoma and SV40." Gabor Medal 2005 Richard Roberts For his internationally acclaimed contributions to the discovery of RNA splicing and his structural and genetic studies that have extended the range of sequence specificity of restriction and modification of enzymes. Gabor Medal 2007 Gregory Challis "For his highly interdisciplinary work, exploiting genomics of Streptomyces coelicolor to identify new natural products and biosynthetic enzymes." Gabor Medal 2009 Gideon Davies "For his highly interdisciplinary work into the three-dimensional structures and reaction coordinates of enzymes, which has transformed glycobiochemistry" Gabor Medal 2010 C Milstein In recognition of his pioneering the production of monoclonal antibodies from hybrid cell lines and initiating their application worldwide in many fields of biology and medicine. Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 1980 HW Kosterlitz In recognition of his studies of the action of opiates and the discovery of the enkephalins. Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 1982 "ER Andrew, JMS Hutchison, JR Mallard and P Mansfield" In recognition of their development of NMR imaging as a diagnostic tool in medicine. Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 1984 D Metcalf and L Sachs In recognition of their discovery of factors which regulate growth and differentiation in normal and leukaemic blood-forming tissue. Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 1986 LM Kunkel "In recognition of his achievement in identifying by novel techniques of reverse genetics the biochemical abnormality responsible for Ducheme/Becker muscular dystrophy as being the absence of a previously unknown protein, dystrophin." Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 1988 P Marrack and JW Kappler "In recognition of their seminal contributions to T-cell biology, which include the characterisation of the T-cell receptor; the demonstration that self-tolerance is caused by clonal elimination in the thymus; and the discovery that bacterial toxins act as" Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 1990 Paul Nurse In recognition of his seminal contributions to the understanding of the molecular basis of regulation of the eukaryotic cycle. Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 1992 DJP Barker "In recognition of his singularly novel and important contributions to our understanding of the causes of a number of the major diseases of later life (cardiovascular disease, obstructive airways disease and diabetes) by demonstrating that their origins ma" Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 1994 C Weissmann In recognition of his work on prion diseases which lead to the remarkable advances in understanding the molecular biology of spongiform encephalopathies. Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 1996 G Bates and S Davies "In recognition of their discovery of the cause of Huntington's Disease, a dominantly inherited, late onset, fatal neurodegenerative disease." Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 1998 DH MacLennan "In recognition of his work on calcium regulatory proteins, particularly in the understanding of malignant hyperthermia (MH), central core disease (CCD), Brody disease and phospholamban, and applying his knowledge of the gene in MH to develop accurate diag" Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 2000 Michael Neuberger "In recognition of his work on resolving the molecular mechanism of somatic antibody diversification, a key feature of immune response, with consequences reaching far beyond immunology to DNA instability and cancer." Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 2003 Nicholas White For his outstanding work on the treatment and prevention of serious diseases within the developing world. Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 2005 http://royalsociety.org/events/2006/plagues-parasites/ Mark Pepys "For his excellent work as a clinical scientist who has identified specific proteins as new therapeutic targets and developed novel drugs with potential use in amyloidosis, Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease" Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 2007 http://royalsociety.org/events/2008/proteins-drugs/ Stephen West In recognition of his pioneering work on the molecular mechanisms of genetic recombination and DNA repair and their relation to tumorigenesis. Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 2010 http://royalsociety.org/events/2010/dna-repair/ Joseph John Thomson "For his numerous contributions to electric science, especially in reference to the phenomena of electric discharge in gases." Hughes Medal 1902 William Hittorf For his long continued experimental researches on the electric discharge in liquids and gases. Hughes Medal 1903 Joseph Swan "For his invention of the incandescent lamp, and his other inventions and improvements in the practical applications of electricity." Hughes Medal 1904 Augusto Righi "For his experimental researches in electrical science, including electric vibrations." Hughes Medal 1905 Hertha Ayrton "For her experimental investigations on the electric arc, and also on sand ripples." Hughes Medal 1906 Ernest Howard Griffiths For his contributions to exact physical measurement. Hughes Medal 1907 Eugen Goldstein For his discoveries on the nature of electric discharge in rarefied gasses. Hughes Medal 1908 Richard Tetley Glazebrook For his researches on electrical standards. Hughes Medal 1909 John Ambrose Fleming For his researches in electricity and electrical measurements. Hughes Medal 1910 Charles Thomson Rees Wilson "For his work on nuclei in dust-free air, and his work on ions in gases and atmospheric electricity." Hughes Medal 1911 William Duddell For his investigations in technical electricity. Hughes Medal 1912 Alexander Graham Bell "For his share in the invention of the telephone, and more especially the construction of the telephone receiver." Hughes Medal 1913 John Sealy Edward Townsend For his researches on electric induction in gases. Hughes Medal 1914 Paul Langevin "For his important contributions to, and pre-eminent position in, electrical science." Hughes Medal 1915 Elihu Thomson For his researches in experimental electricity. Hughes Medal 1916 Charles Glover Barkla For his researches in connexion with X-ray radiation. Hughes Medal 1917 Irving Langmuir For his researches in molecular physics. Hughes Medal 1918 Charles Chree For his researches in terrestrial magnetism. Hughes Medal 1919 Owen Willans Richardson "For his work in experimental physics, and especially thermionics." Hughes Medal 1920 Niels Henrik David Bohr For his research in theoretical physics. Hughes Medal 1921 Francis William Aston For his discovery of isotopes of a large number of the elements by the method of positive rays. Hughes Medal 1922 Robert Andrews Millikan For his determination of the electronic charge and of other physical constants. Hughes Medal 1923 Frank Edward Smith For his determination of fundamental electrical units and for researches in technical electricity. Hughes Medal 1925 Henry Jackson For his pioneer work in the scientific investigations of radiotelegraphy and its application to navigation. Hughes Medal 1926 William David Coolidge For his work on the X-rays and the development of highly efficient apparatus for their production. Hughes Medal 1927 Maurice de Broglie For his work on X-ray spectra. Hughes Medal 1928 Hans Geiger For his invention and development of methods of counting alpha and beta particles. Hughes Medal 1929 Venkata Raman For his studies on the abnormal scattering of light. Hughes Medal 1930 William Lawrence Bragg For his pioneer work on the elucidation of crystal structure by X-ray analysis. Hughes Medal 1931 James Chadwick For his researches on radioactivity. Hughes Medal 1932 Edward Victor Appleton For his researches into the effect of the Heaviside layer upon the transmission of wireless signals. Hughes Medal 1933 Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn For his work as a physicist and technician on long-wave X-rays. Hughes Medal 1934 Clinton Joseph Davisson For his research that resulted in the discovery of the physical existence of electron waves through long-continued investigations on the reflection of electrons from the crystal planes of nickel and other metals. Hughes Medal 1935 Walder Schottky For his discovery of the Schrot Effect in thermionic emission and his invention of the screen-grid tetrode and a superheterodyne method of receiving wireless signals. Hughes Medal 1936 Ernest Orlando Lawrence For his work on the development of the cyclotron and its application to investigations of nuclear disintegration. Hughes Medal 1937 John Douglas Cockcroft and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton For their discovery that nuclei could be disintegrated by artificially produced bombarding particles. Hughes Medal 1938 George Paget Thomson For his important discoveries in connexion with the diffraction of electrons by matter. Hughes Medal 1939 Arthur Holly Compton For his discovery of the Compton Effect; and for his work on cosmic rays. Hughes Medal 1940 Nevill Francis Mott "For his fertile application of the principles of quantum theory to many branches of physics, especially in the fields of nuclear and collision theory, in the theory of metals and in the theory of photographic emulsions." Hughes Medal 1941 Enrico Fermi "For his outstanding contributions to the knowledge of the electrical structure of matter, his work in quantum theory, and his experimental studies of the neutron." Hughes Medal 1942 Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant For his distinguished work in nuclear physics and mastery of methods of generating and applying high potentials. Hughes Medal 1943 George Ingle Finch "For his fundamental contributions to the study of the structure and properties of surfaces, and for his important work on the electrical ignition of gases." Hughes Medal 1944 Basil Ferdinand Jamieson Schonland For his work on atmospheric electricity and of other physical researches. Hughes Medal 1945 John Turton Randall For his distinguished researches into fluorescent materials and into the production of high frequency electro-magnetic radiation. Hughes Medal 1946 Jean Frederick Joliot "For his distinguished contributions to nuclear physics, particularly the discovery of artificial radioactivity and of neutron emission in the fission process." Hughes Medal 1947 Robert Watson-Watt For his distinguished contributions to atmospheric physics and to the development of radar. Hughes Medal 1948 Cecil Frank Powell "For his distinguished work on the photography of particle tracks, and in connexion with the discovery of mesons and their transformation." Hughes Medal 1949 Max Born For his contributions to theoretical physics in general and to the development of quantum mechanics in particular. Hughes Medal 1950 Hendrick Antony Kramers "For his distinguished work on the quantum theory, particularly its application to the optical and magnetic properties of matter." Hughes Medal 1951 Philip Ivor Dee "Particularly for his distinguished studies on the disintegration of atomic nuclei, particularly those using the Wilson cloud chamber technique." Hughes Medal 1952 Edward Bullard "For his important contributions to the development, both theoretical and experimental, of the physics of the Earth." Hughes Medal 1953 Martin Ryle For his distinguished and original experimental researches in radio astronomy. Hughes Medal 1954 Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey "For his distinguished contributions to atomic and molecular physics, particularly in regard to collisions involving the production and recombination of ions." Hughes Medal 1955 Frederick Lindemann For his distinguished work in many fields: the meting point formula and theory of specific heats; ionisation of stars; meteors and temperature inversion in the stratosphere. Hughes Medal 1956 Joseph Proudman For his distinguished work on dynamical oceanography. Hughes Medal 1957 Edward Neville da Costa Andrade For his distinguished contributions to many branches of classical physics. Hughes Medal 1958 Alfred Brian Pippard For his distinguished contributions in the field of low temperature physics. Hughes Medal 1959 Joseph Lade Pawsey For his distinguished contributions to radio astronomy both in the study of solar and of cosmic ray emission. Hughes Medal 1960 Alan Howard Cottrell "For his distinguished work on the physical properties of metals, particularly in relation to mechanical deformation and to the effects of irradiation." Hughes Medal 1961 Brebis Bleaney For his distinguished studies of electrical and magnetic phenomena and their correlation with atomic and molecular properties. Hughes Medal 1962 Frederic Calland Williams For distinguished work on early computers. Hughes Medal 1963 Abdus Salam For his distinguished contributions to quantum mechanics and the theory of fundamental particles. Hughes Medal 1964 Denys Haigh Wilkinson For his distinguished experimental and theoretical investigation in nuclear structure and high energy physics. Hughes Medal 1965 Nicholas Kemmer For his numerous discoveries of major importance in theoretical nuclear physics which he has made. Hughes Medal 1966 Kurt Alfred Georg Mendelssohn "For his distinguished contributions to cryophysics, especially his discoveries in superconductivity and superfluidity." Hughes Medal 1967 Freeman John Dyson "For his distinguished fundamental work in theoretical physics, and especially on quantum electrodynamics." Hughes Medal 1968 Nicholas Kurti For his distinguished work in low-temperature physics and in thermodynamics. Hughes Medal 1969 David Robert Bates "For his distinguished contributions to theoretical atomic and molecular physics and its applications to atmospheric physics, plasma physics and astrophysics." Hughes Medal 1970 Robert Hanbury Brown "For his distinguished work in developing a new form of stellar interfrometer, culminating in his observations of alpha virginis." Hughes Medal 1971 Brian David Josephson Particularly for his discovery of the remarkable properties of junctions between superconducting materials. Hughes Medal 1972 Peter Bernhard Hirsch For his distinguished contributions to the development of the electron microscope thin film technique for the study of crystal defects and its application to a very wide range of problems in materials science and metallurgy. Hughes Medal 1973 Peter Howard Fowler For his outstanding contributions to cosmic ray and elementary particle physics. Hughes Medal 1974 Richard Henry Dalitz For his distinguished contributions to the theory of the basic particles of matter. Hughes Medal 1975 Stephen William Hawking "For his distinguished contributions to the application of general relativity to astrophysics, especially to the behaviour of highly condensed matter." Hughes Medal 1976 Anthony Hewish "For his outstanding contributions to radioastronomy, including the discovery and identification of pulsars." Hughes Medal 1977 William Cochran "For his pioneering contributions to the science of X-ray crystallography, in which his work has made a profound impact on its development and application, and for his original contributions to lattice dynamics and its relation to phase transitions, which " Hughes Medal 1978 Robert Joseph Paton Williams For his distinguished studies of the conformations of computer molecules in solution by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance. Hughes Medal 1979 Francis James Macdonald Farley "For his ultra-precise measurements of the muon magnetic moment, a severe test of quantum electrodynamics and of the nature of the muon." Hughes Medal 1980 "Peter Ware Higgs, Thomas Walter and Bannerman Kibble" For their international contributions about the spontaneous breaking of fundamental symmetries in elementary-particle theory. Hughes Medal 1981 Drummond Hoyle Matthews and Frederick John Vine For their elucidation of the magnetic properties of the ocean floors which subsequently led to the plate tectonic hypothesis. Hughes Medal 1982 John Clive Ward "For his highly influential and original contributions to quantum field theory, particularly the Ward identity and the Salam-Ward theory of weak interactions." Hughes Medal 1983 Roy Patrick Kerr "For his distinguished work on relativity, especially for his discovery of the so-called Kerr Black Hole, which has been very influential." Hughes Medal 1984 Tony Hilton Royle Skyrme "For his contributions to theoretical particle and nuclear physics, and his discovery that particle-like entities simulating the properties of baryons can occur in non-linear meson field theories." Hughes Medal 1985 MM Woolfson For the creation of algorithms including MULTAN and SAYTAN which are used world-wide to solve the majority of reported crystal structures. Hughes Medal 1986 Michael Pepper "For his many important experimental investigations into the fundamental properties of semiconductors especially low-dimensional systems, where he has elucidated some of their unusual properties like electron localization and the Quantum Hall effects." Hughes Medal 1987 A Howie and MJ Whelan "For their contributions to the theory of electron diffraction and microscopy, and its application to the study of lattice defects in crystals." Hughes Medal 1988 John Stewart Bell "For his outstanding contributions to our understanding of the structure and interpretation of quantum theory, in particular demonstrating the unique nature of its predictions." Hughes Medal 1989 Thomas George Cowling For his fundamental contributions to theoretical astrophysics including seminal theoretical studies of the role of electromagnetic induction in cosmic systems. Hughes Medal 1990 PB Moon "For his contributions in three main areas of science - nuclear physics, the discovery of gamma-ray resonances, and the use of colliding molecular beams to study chemical reactions." Hughes Medal 1991 MJ Seaton For his theoretical research in atomic physics and leadership of the Opacity Project. Hughes Medal 1992 GR Isaak For his pioneering use of resonant scattering techniques to make extremely precise measures of Doppler velocity shifts in the solar photosphere. Hughes Medal 1993 RG Chambers "For his many contributions to solid-state physics, in particular his ingenious and technically demanding experiment which verified the Ahoronov-Bohm effect concerning the behaviour of charged particles in magnetic fields." Hughes Medal 1994 D Shoenberg "For his work on the electronic structure of solids, in particular by exploiting low temperature techniques, particularly the De Haas Van Alphen effect, defining the Fermi surface of many metals." Hughes Medal 1995 AD Buckingham "For his contributions to chemical physics, in particular to long-range intermolecular forces, non-linear optics, problems related to the polarizability of the helium atom, the interpretation of NMR spectra, and the applications of ab initio computations." Hughes Medal 1996 Andrew Richard Lang "For his fundamental work on X-ray diffraction physics and for his developments of the techniques of X-ray topography, in particular in studying defects in crystal structures." Hughes Medal 1997 Raymond Hide For his distinguished experimental and theoretical investigations of the hydrodynamics of rotating fluids and the application of such basic studies to the understanding of motions in the atmosphere and interiors of the major planets. Hughes Medal 1998 Alexander Boksenberg "For his landmark discoveries concerning the nature of active galactic nuclei, the physics of the intergalactic medium and of the interstellar gas in primordial galaxies. He is noted also for his exceptional contributions to the development of astronomical" Hughes Medal 1999 Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao "For his contributions to the field of materials chemistry, in particular, in relation to studies of the electronic and magnetic properties of transition metal oxides and high temperature superconductors. His work has been an inspiration to a generation of" Hughes Medal 2000 John Bernard Pethica For his contributions to the field of nanometre and atomic scale mechanics. He invented and developed the technique of nanoindentation thereby revolutionising the mechanical characterisation of ultra-small volumes of materials. This has had a major influe Hughes Medal 2001 Alexander Dalgarno "For his contributions to the theory of atomic and molecular process, and in particular its application to astrophysics. His studies of energy depositions provide the key to understanding emissions from terrestrial aurorae, planetary atmospheres and comets" Hughes Medal 2002 Peter Edwards "For his distinguished work as a solid state chemist. He has made seminal contributions to fields including superconductivity and the behaviour of metal nanoparticles, and has greatly advanced our understanding of the phenomenology of the metal-insulator t" Hughes Medal 2003 John Clarke "For his outstanding research, leading the world in the invention, building and development of innovative new Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUID), in their theory and in their application to a plethora of fundamental problems and their inv" Hughes Medal 2004 Keith Moffatt "For his contributions to the understanding of magnetohydrodynamics, especially to the mechanisms determining how magnetic fields can develop from a low background level to substantial amplitude." Hughes Medal 2005 Michael Kelly For his work in the fundamental physics of electron transport and the creation of practical electronic devices which can be deployed in advanced systems. Hughes Medal 2006 Artur Ekert For his pioneering work on quantum cryptography and his many important contributions to the theory of quantum computation and other branches of quantum physics. Hughes Medal 2007 Michele Dougherty For innovative use of magnetic field data that led to discovery of an atmosphere around one of Saturn's moons and the way it revolutionised our view of the role of planetary moons in the Solar System. Hughes Medal 2008 Andre Geim "For his revolutionary discovery of graphene, and elucidation of its remarkable properties" Hughes Medal 2010 Henry Harris La carapace de la cellule cancereuse. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1984 Jacques Friedel Concluding remarks to the Discussion Meeting on 'Electrical and magnetic properties of low dimensional solids'. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1984 Francois Jacob Approaches to developmental genetics in the mouse. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1985 George Porter Photosynthese: la premiere nanoseconde. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1985 Anatole Abragam Ordering nuclear spins. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1986 Michael Francis Atiyah Les developpements nouveaux dans la geometre et la physique theorique. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1986 Nevill Mott Proprietes electroniques des systemes cristallins. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1987 Nicole Le Douarin Embryonic chimeras: a tool for studying the development of the nervous and immune systems. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1987 Guy Ourisson Molecular taphonomy: the chemistry of maturation of organic matter in sediments. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1988 David Ruelle Deterministic chaos: the science and the fiction. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1989 Etienne-Emile Baulieu Steroid hormones and antihormones: molecular and pathophysiological aspects. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1990 Edouard Brezin Random surfaces. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1991 Sir James Lighthill La mechanique dans la biologie moderne. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1991 Anthony Epstein The vaccination programme to prevent Epstein-Barr virus-associated cancers in man. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1992 Michael Robert Herman Hamiltonian dynamics and the ergodic hypothesis. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1993 Sydney Leach La photophysique moléculaire des fullerčnes. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1993 Serge Haroche When thought experiments become real: testing quantum mechanics with atoms and photons in a cavity. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1994 Alan Hugh Cook The empirical basis of scientific theory. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1994 Anthony Kelly La fissuration empźcherait-elle la rupture? Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1995 Bernard Roques Pain and pleasure: a matter of peptide homeostasis. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1995 Claude Debru On the usefulness of the history of science for science education. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1996 Semir Zeki L'art et le cerveau visuel. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1996 Claude Hélčne Sequence specific recognition of nucleic acids and control of gene expression: from chemistry to the clinics. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1997 John Edwin Enderby Les semiconducteurs liquides: de la physique ou de la chimie? Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1997 Henry Keith Moffat Energy minimisation under topological restraints. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1998 Ionel Soloman Amorphous silicon: a metastable system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1998 Pierre-Louis Lions "Partial differential equations, models and simulations." Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1999 Quentin Bone Les tuniciers pelagiques: quelques énigmes. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 1999 Norman Neill Greenwood Les liaisons triangulaires changent les perspectives de la chemie. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 2000 Pierre-Louis Lions "Partial differential equations, models and simulations." Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 2000 John Philip Simons Garder la forme? L'interaction entre les molecules d'intérźt biologique et les molecules d'eau - de ls simplicité vers la complexité. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 2001 Yvon Le Maho Physiological and behavioural adaptations of Antarctic penguins to their environment. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 2001 Professor Peter Day imants et Supraconducteurs: Nouveau Champ d'Action pour la Chimie Supramoléculaire. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 2002 Professor Anthony Cheetham Petit est Grand- Les nanomatériaux et leurs applications. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 2003 Yves Coppens The origins of Many: a bunch of ancestors. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 2003 Denis Le Bihan MRI and the functional architecture of the brain. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 2004 Professor John Shepherd Changement climatique: surprises éventuelles et solutions possibles. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 2005 Professor Pierre Potier New vistas on diabetes. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 2005 Julia Higgins Polymčres et Neutrons. Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 2007 Jean-Baptiste Leblond Modern theories of fracture and damage of solids Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 2008 David Baulcombe Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 2010 Franēoise Barré-Sinoussi "HIV/AIDS, more than 25 years later: which challenges remain?" Humphry Davy and Claude Bernard Lectures 2010 Colin Pulham "For his work in communicating and promoting dialogue about science, through presentations, demonstrations and hands on activities, with local communities including in remote areas over the last 10 years." Royal Society Kohn Award 2005 Kathy Sykes "For leading a programme to encourage the University of Bristol to become ""the engaged university"" - encouraging and enabling scientists to participate in engagement activities." Royal Society Kohn Award 2006 Carolyn Stephens For creating and championing a programme of work experience and summer schools. Royal Society Kohn Award 2007 Chris Smith "For his work engaging a diverse audience with science through his pioneering radio show, podcasts and website, ""the Naked Scientists""." Royal Society Kohn Award 2008 Lucie Green "For her leadership in building up a first-class programme of engagement, communication and outreach projects at the Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL) at UCL over ten years. Her achievements include mentoring scientists within her department in publi" Royal Society Kohn Award 2009 Paul Gordon Fildes The development of microbiology. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1950 Christopher Howard Andrewes The place of viruses in nature. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1951 Albert Jan Kluyver The changing appraisal of the microbe. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1952 Kenneth Manley Smith Some aspects of the behaviour of certain viruses in their hosts and of their development in the cell. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1953 Juda Hirsch Quastel Soil metabolism. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1954 Henry Gerard Thornton The ecology of micro-organisms in soil. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1955 Ernest Frederick Gale The biochemical organization of the bacterial cell. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1956 Wilson Smith Virus-host cell interactions. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1957 David Keilin The problem of anabiosis or latent life: history and current concepts. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1958 Frederick Charles Bawden Viruses: retrospect and prospect. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1959 Andre Michel Lwoff Viral functions. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1960 Frank John Fenner Interactions between poxviruses. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1961 Guido Pontecorvo Microbial genetics: achievements and prospects. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1962 Norman Wingate Pirie The size of small organisms. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1963 Donald Devereux Woods A pattern of research with two bacterial growth factors. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1964 William Hayes Some controversial aspects of bacterial sexuality. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1965 Percy Wragg Brian Obligate parasitism in fungi. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1966 James Baddiley Teichoic acids and the molecular structure of bacterial walls. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1967 Gordon Elliott Fogg The physiology of an algal nuisance. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1968 Jacques Lucien Monod Cellular and molecular cybernetics. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1969 Philip Herries Gregory Airborne microbes: their significance and distribution. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1970 Michael George Parke Stoker Tumour viruses and the sociology of fibroblasts. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1971 Hans Leo Kornberg Carbohydrate transport by micro-organisms. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1972 Aaron Klug The structure and assembly of regular viruses. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1973 Renato Dulbecco The control of cell growth regulation by tumour-inducing viruses: a challenging problem. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1974 Joel Mandelstam Bacterial sporulation: a problem in the biochemistry and genetics of a primitive development system. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1975 Geoffrey Herbert Beale The varied contributions of protozoa to genetical knowledge. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1976 Francois Jacob Mouse teratocarcinoma and mouse embryo. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1977 Hugh John Forster Cairns Bacteria as proper subjects for cancer research. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1978 Patricia Hannah Clarke "Experiments in microbial evolution: new enzymes, new metabolic activities." Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1979 David Arthur John Tyrrell Is it a virus? Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1980 Frank William Ernest Gibson The biochemical and genetic approach to the study of bioenergetics with the use of Escherichia coli: progress and prospects. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1981 Hamao Umezawa Studies of microbial products in rising to the challenge of curing cancer. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1982 Michael Anthony Epstein A prototype vaccine to prevent Epstein-Barr (E.B.) virus-associated tumours. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1983 William Duncan Paterson Stewart The functional organisation of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1984 Kenneth Murray A molecular biologist's view of viral hepatitis. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1985 William Fleming Hoggan Jarrett Environmental carcinogens and paillomaviruses in the pathogenesis of cancer. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1986 David Alan Hopwood "Towards an understanding of gene switching in streptomyces, the basis of sporulation and antibiotic production." Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1987 Alfred Rupert Hall Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) and Anglo-Dutch collaboration. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1988 Piet Borst Antigenic variation in African trypanosomes. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1989 John Skehel How enveloped viruses enter cells. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1990 Harry Smith The influence of the host on microbes that cause disease. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1991 John Postgate Bacterial evolution and the nitrogen-fixing plant. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1992 Fred Brown "Peptide vaccines, dream or reality." Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1993 Keith Vickerman The opportunistic parasite. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1994 John Guest Adaptation to life without oxygen. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1995 Julian Davies "Microbial molecular diversity - function, evolution and applications." Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1996 Peter Biggs "Mareks disease, tumours and prevention." Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1997 George Cross The genetics and cell biology of antigenic variation in trypanosomes. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1998 Peter Doherty Killer T cells and virus infections. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 1999 Howard Dalton The natural and unnatural history of methane-oxidising bacteria. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2000 Robin Weiss From Pan to pandemic: animal to human infections. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2001 Stephen West DNA repair from microbes to man. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2002 Brian Spratt Bacterial populations and bacterial disease. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2003 David Sherratt A bugs life. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2004 Keith Chater Streptomyces indside out: a new perspective on the bacteria that provide us with antibiotics. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2005 Tony Crowther Microscopy goes cold: frozen viruses reveal their structural secrets. Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2006 http://royalsociety.org/events/2006/microscopy-frozen-virus/ Robert Webster Pandemic Influenza: one flu over the cuckoo's nest Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2010 http://royalsociety.org/events/2010/pandemic-influenza/ Cyril Norman Hinshelwood For his outstanding contributions to physical chemistry. Leverhulme Medal 1960 Archer John Porter Martin For his distinguished and fundamental discoveries in chromatography and its application. Leverhulme Medal 1963 Alec Arnold Constantine Issigonis "For his distinguished contributions to the design of motor cars, particularly the Morris Minor and Austin and Morris Mini." Leverhulme Medal 1966 Hans Kronberger For his many distinguished contributions to nuclear reactor research and development and for outstanding leadership in all branches of his field. Leverhulme Medal 1969 John Bertram Adams "For his many distinguished work in development of particle accelerators, and plasma physics." Leverhulme Medal 1972 Francis Leslie Rose For his distinguished contributions to the application of chemical science to industry. Leverhulme Medal 1975 Frederick Edward Warner "For his outstanding work as consulting engineer both nationally and internationally in many branches of chemical engineering, particularly control of pollution." Leverhulme Medal 1978 Stanley George Hooker "For his work on superchargers of the Merlin engines, the development of the first Rolls Royce jet engines, then Bristol engines including that for the jump jet and, later, the final development of the Rolls Royce RB211 engine." Leverhulme Medal 1981 John Frank Davidson "For his distinguished contributions to chemical engineering, in particular the use of fluidised beds." Leverhulme Medal 1984 George William Gray For his many contributions to the technologically important field of liquid crystals. Leverhulme Medal 1987 R Freeman "For introducing new techniques in high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, particularly the development of two-dimensional Fourier transform methods." Leverhulme Medal 1990 John Rowlinson "Distinguished for his contributions to thermodynamics, in particular to an understanding of the physical chemistry of gas-liquid interfaces and surfaces." Leverhulme Medal 1993 MM Sharma For his work on the dynamics of multi-phase chemical reactions in industrial processes. Leverhulme Medal 1996 Jack Baldwin "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the field of organic chemistry including his work on natural products synthesis and biosynthesis, particularly for his research in the b-lactam antibiotic field, initially contributing to biosynthetic p" Leverhulme Medal 1999 Nicholas Handy "For his pioneering contributions to the development of the modern methodology of quantum chemistry, which has had an enormous impact on chemistry and molecular biology." Leverhulme Medal 2002 John Knott For his distinguished contributions to the quantitative scientific understanding of fracture processes in metals and alloys and its engineering applications. Leverhulme Medal 2005 Anthony Cheetham For the discovery and characterisation of novel materials exhibiting potential for catalysis and storage. Leverhulme Medal 2008 Martyn Poliakoff For his outstanding contributions in the fields of Green Chemistry and supercritical fluids by the application of chemistry to advance chemical engineering processes. Leverhulme Medal 2010 Karl Raimund Popper A new interpretation of Darwinism. Medawar Lecture 1986 Lewis Thomas The new transitional structure of basic science: prospects and apprehensions. Medawar Lecture 1990 Max Ferdinand Perutz Species adaptation in a protein molecule. Medawar Lecture 1992 John Michael Ziman Post-academic science. Medawar Lecture 1995 Lewis Wolpert Is science dangerous? Medawar Lecture 1998 Richard Langton Gregory Knowledge for vision: vision for knowledge. Medawar Lecture 2001 http://royalsociety.org/events/2001/vision-knowledge/ Peter Lipton The truth about science. Medawar Lecture 2004 Peer Bork For his innovative and extensive contributions to computational biology. Dr Bork has made outstanding contributions to computational analysis of protein domains and their use in the prediction of functions; evolutionary studies on alternative splicing; s Royal Society and Académie des Sciences Microsoft Award 2009 Nicholas Ayache "In recognition of his major accomplishments in the development of medical image analysis. In particular, his work on the statistics of three-dimensional shapes, the combination of several imaging modalities, and the development of computational models co" Royal Society and Académie des Sciences Microsoft Award 2008 Giorgio Parisi For his outstanding contribution in the fields of quantum chromodynamics and spin glasses. Royal Society and Académie des Sciences Microsoft Award 2007 Dennis Bray For his research using innovative computer simulations of biological systems. Royal Society and Académie des Sciences Microsoft Award 2006 George Douglas Hutton Bell For the contribution the Proctor barley bred by him had made to agricultural production in the United Kingdom. Royal Society Mullard Award 1967 Lionel Alexander Bethune Pilkington "For his outstanding advances in the technology of glass manufacture and, in particular, for his invention and development of the float glass process." Royal Society Mullard Award 1968 Richard Milroy Clarkson "For his outstanding advances in aircraft design and, in particular, for his conception of the innovations in the Trident and HS125 aircraft." Royal Society Mullard Award 1969 "Stephen William Kenneth Morgan, Stephen Esslement Woods, John Lumsden, Bennett Gregory Perry and Leslie Jack Derham" In recognition of their outstanding contributions to the concept and development of the Imperial Smelting zinc blast furnace process. Royal Society Mullard Award 1970 "Frank Ralph Batchelor, Frank Peter Doyle, John Herbert Charles Naylor and George Newbolt Rolinson" In recognition of their contributions to the development of the semisynthetic penicillins. Royal Society Mullard Award 1971 William Robert Boon In recognition of the outstanding role he had played in the discovery and development of the dipyridyl herbicides. Royal Society Mullard Award 1972 Charles William Oatley In recognition of his outstanding contribution over an extended period to the design and development of the scanning electron microscope in which he had played a significant and continuing part. Royal Society Mullard Award 1973 Frank Brian Mercer In recognition of his invention of the Netlon net process - an extrusion process for the manufacture of integral or knotless plastic net - which was of great ingenuity and simplicity with an extremely wide range of applications. Royal Society Mullard Award 1974 John Bingham In recognition of his breeding a series of highly successful winter wheat varieties. Royal Society Mullard Award 1975 George Herbert Hutchings "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to chemotherapy, notably the conception and development of certain synergic drugs." Royal Society Mullard Award 1976 Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield In recognition of his conception and development of the computerized transverse axial tomographic X-ray scanning system known commercially as the Emiscanner. Royal Society Mullard Award 1977 James Whyte Black In recognition of his distinguished and major contributions to the discovery of two new and important types of drug - the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs and the histamine H2 receptor blockers. Royal Society Mullard Award 1978 Ernest Martin Ellis and Geoffrey Light Wilde For the design and development of the RB211 turbofan engine. Royal Society Mullard Award 1979 Edward Penley Abraham In recognition of his outstanding role in the development of the cephalosporin group of antibiotics. Royal Society Mullard Award 1980 "Michael Elliott, Norman Frank James and David Allen Pulman" "In recognition of their development of synthetic pyrethroids, the first generation of which (resmethrin and bioresmethrin) was largely used in domestic insecticides and the second generation, light-stable compounds (permethrin, cypermethrin and decamethri" Royal Society Mullard Award 1981 "Martin Francis Wood, John Michael Woodgate and Peter Edward Hanley" "In recognition of their development, manufacture and marketing of advanced superconducting magnet systems as a result of which they have established Oxford Instruments Ltd as the leading supplier of these systems throughout the world." Royal Society Mullard Award 1982 John William Fozard and Ralph Spenser Hooper "In recognition of their contribution to the design, development and marketing of the Harrier V/STOL aircraft in its many and various forms, a substantial number of which had been sold overseas." Royal Society Mullard Award 1983 Clive Marles Sinclair "In recognition of his entrepreneurial and innovative inventions of pocket calculators, personal computers and small television tubes of flat design." Royal Society Mullard Award 1984 David Kalderon "For his achievements in unifying and standardizing design practices in two of Britains principal turbine building companies, leading to significantly improved and cost-effective manufacturing processes for turbines and extensive worldwide sales of steam t" Royal Society Mullard Award 1985 John Bedford Stenlake "For his design and development of Atracurium, a novel skeletal muscle relaxant for use in surgical anaesthesia, first marketed in 1982 and which had now achieved substantial sales in the UK and the USA." Royal Society Mullard Award 1986 Michael Alan Ford In recognition of his design and development of a series of analytical infrared spectrometers marketed by Perkin-Elmer Ltd. Royal Society Mullard Award 1987 Ralph Louis Wain "In recognition of his outstanding contribution to plant sciences and selective herbicides, in particular." Royal Society Mullard Award 1988 David Richard Sweatman Hedgeland "In recognition of his contribution to the technology of digital representation of characters and their processing and output by laser, such as is used in the LASER-COMP system marketed by Monotype International." Royal Society Mullard Award 1989 "Peter Mansfield, John Rowland Mallard and James McDonald Strahan Hutchinson" "In recognition of their contribution to the development of novel nuclear imaging methods, particularly nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)." Royal Society Mullard Award 1990 David Jack and Roy Thomas Brittain "In recognition of their contribution to the discovery and development of drugs acting as adrenergic, histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, particularly salbutamol, salmeterol, labetalol and ranitidine." Royal Society Mullard Award 1991 Robert Willian Ernest Shannon For the development and worldwide exploitation of a magnetic system for the inspection of high-pressure pipelines while still in service. Royal Society Mullard Award 1992 "Allen Hill, Monika Green and Anthony Cass" In recognition of their contribution to the translation of bioelectrochemical research into the successful launch of molecular sensors for medical use. Royal Society Mullard Award 1993 "John White, Brad Amos, Richard Durbin and Michael Fordham" "In recognition of their development of the MRC-600 series laser-scanning confocal imaging system, an ingenious and innovative means of improving the clarity and definition of microscopes." Royal Society Mullard Award 1994 Kenneth Richardson "In recognition of his role in the discovery and development of the life-saving antifungal drug, Diflucan." Royal Society Mullard Award 1995 "Ian McKittrick, Edward Hargreaves and Michael Jenkins" For their development of a new energy-saving glass. Royal Society Mullard Award 1996 "Patrick Humphrey, Alexander Oxford and Michael Tyers" "In recognition of their development of Sumatriptan and Ondansetron, two effective and novel medicines resulting from research into understanding the role of serotonin in human diseases. Ondansetron was the first highly effective anti-emetic drug used to c" Royal Society Mullard Award 1997 Graham Richards "For his work on the development of the methods of computer-aided molecular design, their application and exploitation. Graham Richards was a pioneer of the field; originated several of the techniques now widely used and was the founder of the company in t" Royal Society Mullard Award 1998 John Rhodes "For his major contribution to microwave component design and realisation, leading to the establishment of Filtronic plc, an emerging global company providing employment, revenue and exports on a rapidly increasing scale achieved through the continuous app" Royal Society Mullard Award 1999 Martin Sweeting "For his major contribution to the research and development of low-cost, lightweight satellites for diverse missions. This activity led directly to the establishment of the highly successful Surrey Satellite Technonlogy Limited." Royal Society Mullard Award 2000 Henning Sirringhaus For his work on plastic semi-conductors and his contributions to the national prosperity of the UK through the spin out company Plastic Logic Ltd. Royal Society Mullard Award 2003 Jeremy Baumberg For his work on the properties of meso- and nano-scale physics and technology and his contributions to the national prosperity of the UK through the spin out company Mesophotonics Ltd. Royal Society Mullard Award 2004 Benjamin Davis For his pioneering research into the structure of carbohydrates Royal Society Mullard Award 2005 Christopher Freeman "For his research into the 'enzymic latch' mechanism, a potential carbon sequestration technique." Royal Society Mullard Award 2007 Shankar Balasubramanian For his inventive new approach to DNA sequencing. Royal Society Mullard Award 2009 Collins Ouma For his outstanding research into the effect of genetic variation in severe malarial anaemia (SMA) in children. Royal Society Pfizer Award 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXSgz-iid7g Linda-Gail Bekker "For her outstanding research into tuberculosis and HIV co-infections in Africa, contributing to several innovative and successful health delivery platforms and capacity building opportunities." Royal Society Pfizer Award 2009 Enock Matovu In recognition of his work on molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness in Africa. Royal Society Pfizer Award 2008 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PMMAhn2M6E Hiba Mohamed For her work on the genetic basis of susceptibility and resistance to Leishmaniasis. Royal Society Pfizer Award 2007 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o975nA1mMTE Alexis Nzila "For his work on the mechanisms of anti-malaria drug action. Dr Nzila's has shown that drug resistance in malaria can be prevented by combining an existing anticancer drug, methotrexate, with folic acid." Royal Society Pfizer Award 2006 Alfred Spinks Targets in biotechnology. Philips Lecture 1981 James Whyte Black The uncertain road to modern medicines. Philips Lecture 1982 Geoffrey Allen The impact of industrial and academic collaboration on new technology. Philips Lecture 1983 David Allan Rees Renewing the role of research establishments. Philips Lecture 1984 John Ivan George Cadogan "Research, business and the universities." Philips Lecture 1985 Frank Brian Mercer Critical aspects of industrial and academic collaboration. Philips Lecture 1986 Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir Magnetism. Philips Lecture 1987 Robin Buchanan Nicholson Industrial research: success and failure. Philips Lecture 1988 Cyril Hilsum Does industrial R&D pay? Philips Lecture 1989 Sir Alastair Pilkington Glass and windows. Philips Lecture 1990 S van Houten Why industrial research? Philips Lecture 1991 CT Elliott Thermal imaging: a new eye on the world. Philips Lecture 1992 Irving Langmuir Molecular films Pilgrim Trust Lecture 1938 William Bragg History in the Archives of the Royal Society. Pilgrim Trust Lecture 1939 Lawrence Joseph Henderson [Not delivered due to illness] Pilgrim Trust Lecture 1940 Karl Taylor Compton Organization of American Scientists for the war. Pilgrim Trust Lecture 1943 Hermann Joseph Muller The gene. Pilgrim Trust Lecture 1945 Susan Gibson "Used her award to set up a series of lectureships, bringing successful women synthetic chemists from around the world to the UK." Royal Society Rosalind Franklin Award 2003 Carol Robinson Used her award to organise an away day for final year female PhD students to network and discuss their research and future career paths. Royal Society Rosalind Franklin Award 2004 http://royalsociety.org/events/2004/rare-gases-ribosomes/ Christine Davies Used her award to raise the profile of internationally renowned female particle physicists by arranging three lecture tours around the UK. Royal Society Rosalind Franklin Award 2005 http://royalsociety.org/events/2005/quandary-quark/ Andrea Brand "Used her award to organise two lecture series featuring prominent female researchers working in cell and developmental biology, one aimed at school pupils and the other at undergraduates and postgraduates to raise the profile of women in science." Royal Society Rosalind Franklin Award 2006 http://royalsociety.org/events/2006/nervous-system/ Ottoline Leyser Used her award to publish a book of the time lines of 64 female scientists entitled 'Mothers in Science: 64 ways to have it all'. Royal Society Rosalind Franklin Award 2007 http://royalsociety.org/events/2009/thinking-vegetable/ Eleanor Maguire Used her award to develop an essay competition about a famous female scientist for students aged 12-14 years old. Royal Society Rosalind Franklin Award 2008 http://royalsociety.org/events/2008/mapping-memory/ Sunetra Gupta Used her award to create a book about historically famous female scientists. Royal Society Rosalind Franklin Award 2009 http://royalsociety.org/events/2009/surviving-pandemics/ Katherine Blundell Used her award to develop an online teaching resource and organise school talks by female role models Royal Society Rosalind Franklin Award 2010 http://royalsociety.org/events/2010/black-holes/ James Ivory "For his Paper on Astronomical Refractions, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1823; and his other valuable Papers on Mathematical Subjects." Royal Medal 1826 John Dalton For his development of the Atomic Theory and his other important labours and discoveries in Physical Science. Royal Medal 1826 Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve "For his Work, entitled, Catalogus Novus Stellarum Duplicium." Royal Medal 1827 Humphry Davy "For his Bakerian Lecture, On the Realtions of Electrical Changes, considered as the last link, in the order of time, of the splendid chain of Discoveries in Chemical Electricity, which has been continued for so many years of his valuable life." Royal Medal 1827 Johann Friedrich Encke "For his Accurate Determination of the Orbit of a Comet of short period, as confirmed by observation." Royal Medal 1828 William Hyde Wollaston "For his communication, entitled, On a method of rendering Platina malleable, being the conclusion of a series of researches on the properties of the Metallic Bodies contained in the Ores of Platina." Royal Medal 1828 Charles Bell For his Discoveries relating to the Nervous System. Royal Medal 1829 Eilert Mitscherlich "For his Discoveries relating to the Laws of Crystallization, and the Properties of Crystals." Royal Medal 1829 Antoine Jerome Balard For his Discovery of Brome. Royal Medal 1830 David Brewster For his Communications to the Royal Society on the Polarization and other Properties of Light. Royal Medal 1830 Auguste Pyrame De Candolle "For his Researches and Investigations in Vegetable Physiology, as detailed in his Work, entitled, Physiologie Vegetale." Royal Medal 1833 John Frederick William Herschel "For his Paper ""on the Investigation of the Orbits of Revolving Double Stars,"" inserted in the Fifth Volume of the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society." Royal Medal 1833 Charles Lyell "For his Work, entitled, Principles of Geology." Royal Medal 1834 John William Lubbock For his Papers on the Tides published in the Philosophical Transactions. Royal Medal 1834 Michael Faraday "For his investigations and discoveries contained in the series of experimental researches in electricity published in the Philosophical Transactions, and more particularly for the seventh series, relating to the definite nature of electrochemical action." Royal Medal 1835 William Rowan Hamilton "For the papers published by him in the 16th and 17th volumes of the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, entitled Supplement to an Essay on the Theory of Systems of Rays, and more particularly for those investigations at the conclusion of the third an" Royal Medal 1835 George Newport "For his series of investigations on the anatomy and physiology of insects, contained in his two papers published in the Philosophical Transactions within the last three years." Royal Medal 1836 John Frederick William Herschel "For his paper on nebulae and clusters of stars, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833." Royal Medal 1836 William Whewell "For his researches connected with the theory of the tides, communicated to the Royal Society and published in its Transactions within the last three years." Royal Medal 1837 Henry Fox Talbot "For his papers entitled Researches in the Integral Calculus, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836 and 1837." Royal Medal 1838 Thomas Graham "For his paper entitled ""Inquiries respecting the Constiitution of salts, of oxalates, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates and chlorides,"" published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836." Royal Medal 1838 James Ivory For his paper on the theory of the astronomical refractions published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1838. Part II. Royal Medal 1839 Martin Barry "For his papers on embryology, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1838 and 1839." Royal Medal 1839 Charles Wheatstone "For his paper entitled Contributions to the physiology of vision, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1838." Royal Medal 1840 John Frederick William Herschel "For his paper entitled On the chemical action of the rays of the solar spectrum on preparations of silver, and other substances, both metallic and non-metallic, and on some photogenic processes, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1840." Royal Medal 1840 Eaton Hodgkinson "For his paper entitled Experimental researches on the strength of pillars of cast iron, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1840." Royal Medal 1841 Robert Kane "For his memoir entitled the Chemical History of archil and litmus, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1840." Royal Medal 1841 John Frederic Daniell For his letters on the electrolysis of secondary compounds and on voltaic combinations published in the Transactions for 1840 and 1842. Royal Medal 1842 William Bowman "For his paper on the structure and use of the Malpighian bodies of the kidney, with observations on the circulation through that gland, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the present year." Royal Medal 1842 Charles Wheatstone "For his paper entitled, an account of several new instruments and processes for determining the constants of a voltaic circuit, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year." Royal Medal 1843 James David Forbes "For his researches on the law of extinction of the solar rays in passing through the atmosphere, contained in a paper published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1842." Royal Medal 1843 George Boole "For his paper on a general method in analysis, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the present year." Royal Medal 1844 Thomas Andrews "For his paper on the thermal changes accompanying basic substitutions, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the present year." Royal Medal 1844 George Biddell Airy "For his paper on the laws of the tides on the cost of Ireland, as inferred from an extensive series of observations made in connection with the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year." Royal Medal 1845 Thomas Snow Beck "For his paper entitled On the nerves of the uterus, which has been ordered for publication in the Philosophical Transactions." Royal Medal 1845 Michael Faraday "For his experimental researches in electricity, twentieth and twenty first series, on new magnetic actions, and on the magnetic conditions of all matter, inserted in the Philosophical Transactions part I. for 1845." Royal Medal 1846 Richard Owen "For his paper entitled A description of certain Belemnites preserved with a great proportion of their soft parts in the Oxford clay at Christian-Malford, Wilts, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1844." Royal Medal 1846 George Fownes "For his papers published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1845, on the artificial formation of a vegeto-alkali, and on benzoline, published in the same volume of the Transactions" Royal Medal 1847 William Robert Grove "For his papers published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1845 and 1847, on the gas voltaic battery, and on certain phenomena of voltaic ignition" Royal Medal 1847 Charles James Hargreave "For his paper on the solution of linear differential equations, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1848." Royal Medal 1848 Thomas Galloway "For his paper on the proper motion of the Solar System, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1847" Royal Medal 1848 Edward Sabine "For his contributions to terrestrial magnetism, published in the Philosophical Transactions parts VII and VIII, and his memoir on the diurnal variation of the magnetic declination at Saint Helena, part I." Royal Medal 1849 Gideon A Mantell "For his paper on the Iguanodon, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1848, being a continuation of a series of papers by him on the same fossil reptile, by which he has rendered eminent services to geology." Royal Medal 1849 Benjamin Collins Brodie "For his investigations on the chemical nature of wax, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1848 and 1849." Royal Medal 1850 Thomas Graham "For his paper on the motion of gases, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1849." Royal Medal 1850 Earl of Rosse For his observations on the nebulae published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1850. Royal Medal 1851 George Newport "For his paper on the impregnation of the ovum in the amphibia (first series), published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1851." Royal Medal 1851 James Prescott Joule "For his paper on the mechanical equivalent of heat, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850." Royal Medal 1852 Thomas Henry Huxley "For his papers on the anatomy and the affinities of the family of the Medusae, printed in the Philosophical Transactions." Royal Medal 1852 Charles Darwin "For his work entitled Geological Observations on Coral Reefs, Volcanic Islands, and on South America, and his work, Fossil Circhipeda of Great Britain, Section Lepadidae, Monograph of the Circhipeda." Royal Medal 1853 J Tyndall "For his paper on diamagnetism and magne-crystallic action, published in the Philosophical Magazine in 1851. (the award of this medal was declined by Dr Tyndall)" Royal Medal 1853 AW Hofmann For his researches in organic chemistry published in the Transactions of the Royal and Chemical Societies. Royal Medal 1854 JD Hooker "For his researches in various branches of science, especially in botany, as naturalist of the Antarctic expedition of Sir James Ross, and in an expedition to the eastern part of the Himalayan range; of which researches part has been published in works ent" Royal Medal 1854 John Obadiah Westwood For his various monographs and papers on entomology. Royal Medal 1855 John Russell Hind "For the discovery of ten planetoids, the computation of their orbits, and various other astronomical discoveries." Royal Medal 1855 John Richardson For his contributions to natural history and physical geography. Royal Medal 1856 William Thomson "For his various chemical researches relating to electricity, to the motive power of hear, and to other subjects." Royal Medal 1856 Edward Frankland "For the isolation of the organic radicals of the alcohols, and for his researches on the metallic derivatives of alcohol." Royal Medal 1857 John Lindley "For his numerous researches and works on all branches of scientific botany, and especially for his vegetable kingdom, and his genera & species of Orchideae." Royal Medal 1857 Albany Hancock For his various researches on the anatomy of the mollusca. Royal Medal 1858 William Lassell For his various astronomical discoveries and researches. Royal Medal 1858 Arthur Cayley "For his mathematical papers published in the Philosophical Transactions, and in various English and foreign journals." Royal Medal 1859 George Bentham For his important contributions to the advancement of systematic and descriptive botany. Royal Medal 1859 Augustus Waller "For his investigations into the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, and for the introduction of a valuable method of conducting such investigations." Royal Medal 1860 William Fairbairn "For his various experimental inquiries on the properties of the materials employed in mechanical construction, contained in the Philosophical transactions, and in the publications of other scientific societies." Royal Medal 1860 JJ Sylvester For his various memoirs and researches in mathematical science Royal Medal 1861 WB Carpenter "For his researches on the Foraminifera, contained in four memoirs in the Philosophical Transactions, his investigations into the structure of shell, his observations on the embryonic development of Purpura, and his various other writings in physiology and" Royal Medal 1861 AW Williamson "For his researches on the compound ethers, and his subsequent communications in organic chemistry." Royal Medal 1862 JR Robinson "For the Armagh catalogue of 5345 stars, deduced from observations made at the Armagh Observatory, from the years 1820 up to 1854; for his papers on the construction of astronomical instruments in the memoirs of the Astronomical Society, and his paper on e" Royal Medal 1862 John Peter Gassiot "For his researches on the voltaic battery and current, and on the discharge of electricity through attenuated media." Royal Medal 1863 Miles J Berkeley "For his researches in cryptogamic botany, especially mycology." Royal Medal 1863 Jacob Lockhart Clarke "For his researches on the intimate structure of the spinal cord and brain, and on the development of the spinal cord, published in five memoirs in the Philosophical Transactions and in other writings." Royal Medal 1864 Warren De La Rue "For his observations on the total eclipse of the Sun of 1860, and for his improvements in astronomical photography." Royal Medal 1864 Archibald Smith "For his papers in the Philosophical Transactions and elsewhere, on the magnetism of ships." Royal Medal 1865 Joseph Prestwich "For his numerous & valuable contributions to geological science and more especially for his papers published in the Philosophical Transactions on the general question of the excavation of river valleys, and on the superficial deposits in France and Englan" Royal Medal 1865 William Huggins "For his researches on the spectra of some of the chemical elements and on the spectra of certain of the heavenly bodies; and especially for his researches on the spectra of the nebulae, published in the Philosophical Transactions." Royal Medal 1866 William Kitchen Parker "For his researches in comparative osteology, and more especially on the anatomy of the skull, as contained in papers published in the Transactions of the Zoological Society and the Philosophical Transactions." Royal Medal 1866 John Bennett Lawes and Joseph Henry Gilbert For their researches in agricultural chemistry. Royal Medal 1867 William Logan "For his geological researches in Canada, and the construction of a geological map of that colony." Royal Medal 1867 Alfred Russell Wallace For his labours in practical and theoretical zoology. Royal Medal 1868 George Salmon "For his researches in analytical geometry and the theory of surfaces, published in the Philosophical Transactions, the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, and the Quarterly Journal of Mathematics." Royal Medal 1868 Augustus Matthiessen For his researches on the electrical and other physical properties of metals and their alloys. Royal Medal 1869 Thomas Maclean For his measurement of an arc of the meridian at the Cape of Good Hope. Royal Medal 1869 Thomas Davidson "For his works on the recent and fossil Brachiopoda, more especially his series of monographs in the publications of the Palaeontographical Society." Royal Medal 1870 William Hallowes Miller "For his researches and writings on mineralogy and crystallography, and his scientific labours in the restoration of the National Standard of Weight." Royal Medal 1870 George Busk "For his researches in zoology, physiology, and comparative anatomy." Royal Medal 1871 John Stenhouse "For his researches on the lichens & their proximate constituents and derivatives, including Erythrite; and for his researches on the action of charcoal in purifying air." Royal Medal 1871 Henry John Carter "For his long continued and valuable researches in zoology, and more especially for his inquiries into the natural history of the Spongiadae." Royal Medal 1872 Thomas Anderson For his investigations on the organic bases of Dippells animal oil; on codeine; on the crystallized constituents of opium; on piperin and on papaverin; and for his researches in physiological and animal chemistry. Royal Medal 1872 George James Allman "For his researches in zoology, and especially for his memoirs on the structure, development, and physiology of the gymnoblastic hydroids." Royal Medal 1873 Henry Enfield Roscoe "For his various chemical investigations, especially fot those on the chemical action of light, and upon the element Vanadium and its combinations." Royal Medal 1873 Henry Clifton Sorby "For his researches on Slaty cleavage and on the minute structure of minerals and rocks; for the construction of the microspectroscope, and for his researches on colouring matters." Royal Medal 1874 William Crawford Williamson "For his contributions to zoology & palaeontology, & especially for his investigations into the structure of the fossil plants of the coal measures." Royal Medal 1874 Thomas Oldham "For his long & important services in the science of geology, first as Professor of Geology, Trin. Col. Dub. And Director of the Geol. Survey of Ireland & chiefly for the great work which he has long conducted as superintendent of the Geol. Survey of India" Royal Medal 1875 William Crookes "For his various chemical and physical researches, more especially for his discovery of thallium, his investigation of its compounds and determination of its atomic weight; and for his discovery of the repulsion referable to radiation." Royal Medal 1875 C Wyville Thomson For his successful direction of the scientific investigations carried on by HMS Challenger. Royal Medal 1876 William Froude "For his researches both theoretical and experimental on the behaviour of ships, their oscillations, their resistance, & propulsion." Royal Medal 1876 Frederick Augustus Abel For his physico-chemical researches on gun cotton & explosive agents. Royal Medal 1877 Oswald Heer "For his numerous researches & writings on the tertiary plants of Europe, of the North Atlantic, North Asia, and North America, and for his able generalizations respecting their affinities, and their geological & climatic relations." Royal Medal 1877 Albert Gunther For his numerous & valuable contributions to the zoology & anatomy of fishes & reptiles. Royal Medal 1878 John Allan Brown For his investigations during thirty five years in magnetism and meteorology & for his improvements in methods of observation. Royal Medal 1878 Andrew Crombie Ramsay For his long continued & successful labours in geology and physical geography. Royal Medal 1879 William Henry Perkin For his synthetical & other researches in organic chemistry. Royal Medal 1879 Andrew Noble For his researches (jointly with Mr Abel) into the action of explosives; his invention of the chronoscope; and other mathematical & physical inquiries. Royal Medal 1880 Joseph Lister "For his contributions on various physiological & biological subjects published in the Philosophical Transactions & Proceedings of the Royal Society & elsewhere; and for his labours practical and theoretical, on questions relating to the antiseptic system " Royal Medal 1880 Francis Maitland Balfour For his numerous and important contributions to animal morphology; and more especially for his investigations respecting the origin of the urogenital organs and the cerebrospinal nerves of the Vertebrata; and for his work on the development of the Elasmob Royal Medal 1881 John Hewitt Jellett "For his various mathematical & physical papers, more especially for his researches in chemical optics, & his invention of the new and delicate analyser by which they were carried out." Royal Medal 1881 Lord Rayleigh For his various papers in mathematical and experimental physics. Royal Medal 1882 WH Flower For his valuable contributions to the morphology and classification of the Mammalia and to anthropology. Royal Medal 1882 Thomas Archer Hirst For his researches in pure mathematics. Royal Medal 1883 JS Burdon Sanderson "For the eminent services which he has rendered to physiology and pathology, especially for his investigation of the relations of micro-organisms to disease, and his researches on the electric phenomena of plants." Royal Medal 1883 Daniel Oliver "For his investigations in the classification of plants, and for the great services which he has rendered to taxonomic botany." Royal Medal 1884 GH Darwin "For his mathematical investigations on the rigidity of the Earth, and on tides." Royal Medal 1884 David Edward Hughes "For his electric and magnetic researches, and his invention of the microphone & the induction balance." Royal Medal 1885 Edwin Ray Lankester For his discoveries concerning the embryology and morphology of the mollusca and his services to embryology & animal morphology in general. Royal Medal 1885 Francis Galton For his statistical inquiries into biological phenomena. Royal Medal 1886 Peter Guthrie Tait For his various mathematical and physical researches. Royal Medal 1886 Alexander Ross Clarke For his comparison of standards of length and determination of the figure of the Earth. Royal Medal 1887 Henry Nottidge Maseley "For his numerous researches in animal morphology, and especially his investigations." Royal Medal 1887 Ferdinand von Mueller For his long services in Australian exploration and for his investigations of the flora of the Australian continent. Royal Medal 1888 Osborne Reynolds "For his investigations in mathematical & experimental physics, and on the application of scientific theory to engineering." Royal Medal 1888 Thomas Edward Thorpe "For his researches on fluorine compounds, and his determination of the atomic weights of titanium and gold." Royal Medal 1889 Walter Holbrook Gaskell For his researches in cardiac physiology and his important discoveries in the anatomy and physiology of the sympathetic nervous system. Royal Medal 1889 David Ferrier For his researches on the localisation of cerebral functions. Royal Medal 1890 John Hopkinson For his researches in magnetism and electricity. Royal Medal 1890 Arthur William Rucker "For his researches on liquid films, and his contributions to our knowledge of terrestrial magnetism." Royal Medal 1891 Charles Lapworth For his researches among the older rocks of Britain. Royal Medal 1891 Charles Pritchard For his work on photometry and stellar parallax. Royal Medal 1892 John Newport Langley "For his work on secreting glands, and on the nervous system." Royal Medal 1892 Arthur Schuster "For his spectroscopic inquiries, and his researches on disruptive discharge through gases and on terrestrial magnetism." Royal Medal 1893 Harry Marshall Ward For his researches into the life-history of fungi and schizomycetes. Royal Medal 1893 Joseph John Thomson For his contributions to mathematical and experimental physics especially to electrical theory. Royal Medal 1894 Victor Alexander Haden Horsley "For his investigations relating to the physiology of the nervous system, and of the thyroid gland, and to their applications to the treatment of disease." Royal Medal 1894 James Alfred Ewing For his investigations on magnetic induction in iron and other metals. Royal Medal 1895 John Murray "For his services to biological science and oceanography in connection with the ""Challenger"" reports, and for his original contributions to the same." Royal Medal 1895 Archibald Geikie For his many original contributions to geology especially those upon the Old Red Sandstone of Western Europe. Royal Medal 1896 Charles Vernon Boys "For his invention of Quartz Fibres and and [sic] investigation of their properties, his improvement of the radio-micrometer and investigations with it, for developments in the art of instantaneous photography, and for his determination of the value of the" Royal Medal 1896 Andrew Russell Forsyth "For his contributions to the progress of pure mathematics, and especially for his work in differential equations and the theory of functions." Royal Medal 1897 Richard Strachey "For his researches in geographical, meteorological, and botanical science." Royal Medal 1897 John Kerr For his researches on the optical effect of electrical stress and on the reflection of light at the surface of a magnetised body. Royal Medal 1898 Walter Gardiner For his researches on the protoplasmic connection of the cells of vegetable tissues and on the minute histology of plants. Royal Medal 1898 George Francis Fitzgerald "For his contributions to physical science, especially in the domains of optics and electricity." Royal Medal 1899 William Carmichael McIntosh For his important monographs on British marine zoology and on the fishing industries. Royal Medal 1899 Alfred Newton For his eminent contributions to the science of ornithology and the geographical distribution of animals. Royal Medal 1900 Percy Alexander MacMahon For the number and range of his contributions to mathematical science Royal Medal 1900 William Edward Ayrton For his contributions to electrical science. Royal Medal 1901 William Thomas Blanford For his work in connection with the geographical distribution of animals Royal Medal 1901 Edward Albert Schafer "For his researches into the functions and minute structure of the Central Nervous System, especially with regard to the motor and sensory functions of the cortex of the brain." Royal Medal 1902 Horace Lamb For his investigations in mathematical physics. Royal Medal 1902 David Gill "For his researches in solar and stellar parallax, and his energetic direction of the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope." Royal Medal 1903 Horace T Brown For his work on the chemistry of the carbohydrates and on the assimilation of carbonic acid by green plants. Royal Medal 1903 David Bruce "For his valuable researches in the pathology of Malta fever, nagana, and sleeping sickness, and especially for his discoveries as regards the exact causes of these diseases." Royal Medal 1904 William Burnside "For his researches in mathematics, particularly in the theory of groups." Royal Medal 1904 Charles Scott Sherrington For his researches on the Central Nervous System especially in relation to reflex action. Royal Medal 1905 John Henry Poynting "For his researches in physical science, especially in connection with the constant of gravitation and the theories of electrodynamics and radiation." Royal Medal 1905 Alfred George Greenhill "For his contributions to mathematics, especially the elliptic functions and their applications." Royal Medal 1906 Dukinfield Henry Scott For his investigations and discoveries in connection with the structure and relationship of fossil plants. Royal Medal 1906 Ernest William Hobson On the ground of his investigations in mathematics. Royal Medal 1907 Ramsay H Traquair On the ground of his discoveries relating to fossil fishes. Royal Medal 1907 Henry Head On the ground of his researches on the relations between the visceral & somatic nerves and on the functions of the different nerves. Royal Medal 1908 John Milne On the ground of his work in seismology. Royal Medal 1908 Augustus EH Love On the ground of his researches in the theory of elasticity and cognate subjects. Royal Medal 1909 Ronald Ross On the ground of his researches in connection with malaria. Royal Medal 1909 Frederick Orpen Bower On the ground of his treatise on the origin of a land flora. Royal Medal 1910 John Joly On the ground of researches in physics and geology. Royal Medal 1910 George Chrystal On the ground of his work in mathematics and physics. Royal Medal 1911 William Maddock Bayliss On the ground of his researches in physiology. Royal Medal 1911 Grafton Elliot Smith [No citation] Royal Medal 1912 William Mitchinson Hicks On the ground of his researches in mathematical physics. Royal Medal 1912 Ernest Henry Starling On the ground of his contributions to the advancement of physiology. Royal Medal 1913 Harold Baily Dixon "On the ground of his eminence in physical chemistry, especially in connexion with explosions in gases." Royal Medal 1913 Ernest William Brown "For investigations in astronomy, chiefly in the lunar theory" Royal Medal 1914 William Johnson Sollas For researches in palaeontology. Royal Medal 1914 Joseph Larmor On the ground of his numerous and important contributions to mathematical and physical science. Royal Medal 1915 William Halse Rivers Rivers On the ground of his important contributions to ethnography and ethnology. Royal Medal 1915 Hector Munro Macdonald For his contributions to mathematical physics. Royal Medal 1916 John Scott Haldane "For his distinguished services to chemical physiology, more especially in reference to the chemical changes in respiration" Royal Medal 1916 Arthur Smith Woodward On the ground of his researches in vertebrate palaeontology. Royal Medal 1917 John Aitken On the ground of his work on cloudy condensations. Royal Medal 1917 Alfred Fowler For his distinguished researches in physical astronomy and spectroscopy. Royal Medal 1918 Frederick Gowland Hopkins On the ground of his researches in chemical physiology. Royal Medal 1918 James H Jeans On the ground of his researches in applied mathematics Royal Medal 1919 John B Farmer On the ground of his notable work on plant and animal cytology. Royal Medal 1919 Godfrey H Hardy On the ground of his researches in pure mathematics. Royal Medal 1920 William Bateson "On the ground of his contributions to biological science, and especially his studies in genetics." Royal Medal 1920 Frank Dyson For his researches on the distribution and movement of the stars. Royal Medal 1921 Frederick F Blackman For his researches on the gaseous exchange in plants & on the operation of limiting factors. Royal Medal 1921 Charles R Wilson For his researches on condensation nuclei and atmospheric electricity. Royal Medal 1922 Joseph Barcroft For his researches in physiology and especially for his work in connection with respiration. Royal Medal 1922 Charles J Martin For his researches on animal metabolism Royal Medal 1923 Napier Shaw For his researches in meteorological science Royal Medal 1923 Dugald Clerk For his application of scientific principles to engineering problems. Royal Medal 1924 Henry Hallett Dale For his researches in pharmacology and physiology. Royal Medal 1924 Albert Charles Seward For his researches on the palaeobotany of Gondwanaland. Royal Medal 1925 William Henry Perkin For his work on the constitution of the alkaloids carried out during the past few years. Royal Medal 1925 Archibald Vivian Hill For his distinguished work on the physical and chemical aspects of muscular contraction. Royal Medal 1926 William Hardy For his pioneer work on colloidal chemistry and the theory of lubrication. Royal Medal 1926 John Cunningham McLennan For his researches in spectroscopy and atomic physics. Royal Medal 1927 Thomas Lewis "For his researches on the vascular system, following upon his earlier work on the mammalian heart-beat." Royal Medal 1927 Arthur Stanley Eddington For his contributions to astrophysics. Royal Medal 1928 Robert Broom For his discoveries which have shed new light on the problem of the origin of mammals. Royal Medal 1928 John Edensor Littlewood For his work on mathematical analysis and the theory of prime numbers. Royal Medal 1929 Robert Muir For his contributions to the science of immunology. Royal Medal 1929 John Edward Marr For his pioneer work in the accurate zoning of the palaeozoic rocks. Royal Medal 1930 Owen Willans Richardson For his work on thermionics and spectroscopy. Royal Medal 1930 Richard Glazebrook For his distinguished work in experimental physics. Royal Medal 1931 William Henry Lang For his work on the anatomy and morphology of the fern-like fossils of the Old Red Sandstone. Royal Medal 1931 Edward Mellanby "For his important researches on dietary factors, particularly in connexion with rickets." Royal Medal 1932 Robert Robinson "For his work in many branches of organic chemistry, especially on the structure of plant products and their phytochemical synthesis." Royal Medal 1932 Geoffrey Ingram Taylor "For his mathematical work in physics, geophysics and aerodynamics." Royal Medal 1933 Patrick Playfair Laidlaw "For his work on diseases due to viruses, including that on the cause and prevention of distemper in dogs." Royal Medal 1933 Edgar Douglas Adrian For his work on the physiology of nerve and its application to the problems of sensation. Royal Medal 1934 Sydney Chapman "For his researches in the kinetic theory of gases, in terrestrial magnetism and in the phenomena of the upper atmosphere." Royal Medal 1934 Alfred Harker In recognition of his distinguished work and influence as a petrologist. Royal Medal 1935 Charles Galton Darwin "For his researches in mathematical physics, especially in the quantum mechanics of the electron and in optics." Royal Medal 1935 Edwin Stephen Goodrich For his work on the morphology of the excretory organs of the invertebrate and for his work on the comparative anatomy and embryology of the vertebrata. Royal Medal 1936 Ralph Howard Fowler For his work on statistical mechanics and allied departments of modern mathematical physics. Royal Medal 1936 Arthur Henry Reginald Buller In recognition of his researches on the general biology and sexuality of the fungi. Royal Medal 1937 Nevil Vincent Sidgwick In recognition of his distinguished work on valency and on molecular structure. Royal Medal 1937 Francis William Aston For his discovery of the isotopes of non-radioactive elements. Royal Medal 1938 Ronald Aylmer Fisher For his important contributions to the theory and practice of statistical methods. Royal Medal 1938 David Keilin For his contributions to biochemistry and entomology; in particular for his demonstration of the part played by cytochrome in the oxidation-reduction mechanisms of the living cell; and for his studies of the higher diptera. Royal Medal 1939 Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac For the leading part he had taken in the development of the new quantum mechanics. Royal Medal 1939 Francis Hugh Adam Marshall For his contributions to the physiology of animal reproduction. Royal Medal 1940 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett "For his studies of cosmic rays and the showers of particles which they produce, for his share in the discovery of the positive electron, for his work on mesons and many other experimental achievements." Royal Medal 1940 Edward Arthur Milne "For his researches on the atmospheres of the earth and the sun, on the internal constitution of the stars, and on the theory of relativity." Royal Medal 1941 Ernest Laurence Kennaway For his discovery of the nature of the carcinogenic substances in coal tar and for his investigations on production of cancer by synthetic substances. Royal Medal 1941 Walter Norman Haworth "For his fundamental contributions to organic chemistry, particularly to the constitution of the sugars and the structure of complex polysaccharides." Royal Medal 1942 William Whiteman Carlton Topley For his outstanding work on experimental epidemiology and immunology. Royal Medal 1942 Edward Battersby Bailey For his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of mountain structure and his studies on the tectonics of vulcanism. Royal Medal 1943 Harold Spencer Jones For his determination of the solar parallax and of other fundamental astronomical constants. Royal Medal 1943 Charles Robert Harington "For his work in the analysis and synthesis of thyroxine, and in immunological chemistry." Royal Medal 1944 David Brunt For his fundamental contributions to meteorology. Royal Medal 1944 Edward James Salisbury For his notable contributions to plant ecology and to the study of the British flora generally. Royal Medal 1945 John Desmond Bernal For his work on the structure of proteins and other substances by X-ray methods and for the solution of many other problems requiring a physical approach. Royal Medal 1945 Cyril Dean Darlington For his distinguished researches in cytology and genetics. Royal Medal 1946 Lawrence Bragg For his distinguished researches in the sciences of X-ray structure analysis and X-ray spectroscopy. Royal Medal 1946 Cyril Norman Hinshelwood For his distinguished work on the mechanism of chemical reactions from the simplest gas phase processes to the complexities of cell division. Royal Medal 1947 Frank Macfarlane Burnet "For his distinguished work on bacteriophages, viruses and immunity; and for his contributions to the study of infectious disease as an ecological phenomenon." Royal Medal 1947 Harold Jeffreys For his distinguished work in geophysics and his important contributions to the astronomy of the solar system. Royal Medal 1948 James Gray "For his distinguished researches in cytology, ciliary movement, and particularly his anatomical and experimental studies of animal posture and locomotion." Royal Medal 1948 George Paget Thomson "For his distinguished contributions to many branches of atomic physics, and especially for his work in establishing the wave properties of the electron." Royal Medal 1949 Rudolph Albert Peters "For his distinguished biochemical researches, in particular his investigations of (i) the biochemical role of vitamin B1 in tissue metabolism; and (ii) the mechanism of the toxic action of lewisite and other arsenical compounds." Royal Medal 1949 Carl Frederick Abel Pantin "For his contributions to the comparative physiology of the Invertebrata, particularly his work on nerve conduction in Crustacea and Actinozoa." Royal Medal 1950 Edward Appleton For his work on the ele [sic] transmission of electromagnetic waves round the earth and for his investigations of the ionic state of the upper atmosphere. Royal Medal 1950 Howard Florey In recognition of his distinguished contributions to pathology by his studies of the functions of mucin and by his work on penicillin and other antibiotics. Royal Medal 1951 Ian Heilbron "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to organic chemistry, notably in the field of vitamin A and polyene synthesis." Royal Medal 1951 Christopher Kelk Ingold In recognition of his extensive theoretical and practical studies of the mechanism of organic chemical reactions and the factors influencing them; and for his analysis of the structure of benzene. Royal Medal 1952 Frederic Bartlett In recognition of his creation of an experimental school of psychology which has established under his leadership an outstanding position recognized internationally as without superior. Royal Medal 1952 Nevill Francis Mott In recognition of his eminent work in the field of quantum theory and particularly in the theory of metals. Royal Medal 1953 Paul Fildes In recognition of his classical researches on growth factors for bacteria and for laying the foundation of work leading to a rational approach to chemotherapy. Royal Medal 1953 Hans Adolf Krebs In recognition of his discovery of two key reactions in animal metabolism and for his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of cell energetics. Royal Medal 1954 John Cockcroft In recognition of his distinguished work on nuclear and atomic physics. Royal Medal 1954 Alexander Todd In recognition of his distinguished work in organic chemistry. Royal Medal 1955 Vincent Brian Wigglesworth In recognition of his distinguished experimental contributions of outstanding value to many aspects of insect physiology. Royal Medal 1955 Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin "In recognition of her distinguished work in the elucidation of structures of penicillin, vitamin B12 and other important compounds by the methods of X-ray crystallography." Royal Medal 1956 Owen Thomas Jones "In recognition of his distinguished studies in the Palaeozoic rocks, particularly in Wales, his work on sediments, his palaeontological researches and the application of geological knowledge to practical problems." Royal Medal 1956 Frederick Gugenheim Gregory In recognition of his distinguished studies in plant physiology. Royal Medal 1957 William Vallance Douglas Hodge In recognition of his distinguished work on algebraic geometry. Royal Medal 1957 Alan Lloyd Hodgkin In recognition of his distinguished work on the mechanism of excitation and conduction in nerve and muscle. Royal Medal 1958 Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to physics, and particularly for his experimental and theoretical studies of collision phenomena in gases." Royal Medal 1958 Peter Brian Medawar In recognition of his distinguished contributions in the field of tissue transplantation immunity and acquired tolerance. Royal Medal 1959 Rudolf Ernst Peierls In recognition of his distinguished work on the theoretical foundations of high energy and nuclear physics. Royal Medal 1959 Alfred Charles Bernard Lovell In recognition of his distinguished contributions to radio astronomy. Royal Medal 1960 Roy Cameron In recognition of his distinguished contributions in the field of cellular pathology. Royal Medal 1960 Cecil Frank Powell In recognition of his pioneering work on the development of the photographic emulsion technique in the investigation of cosmic rays and the outstanding results derived therefrom on the elementary particles in cosmic radiation. Royal Medal 1961 Wilfrid Le Gros Clark "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to neuroanatomy and primate morphology, which he has combined to provide new knowledge of human evolution." Royal Medal 1961 John Eccles "In recognition of his distinguished investigations of the function of the spinal cord, particularly of the mechanisms of excitation and inhibition." Royal Medal 1962 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar "In recognition of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics, particularly those related to the stability of convective motions in fluids with and without magnetic fields." Royal Medal 1962 Herbert Harold Read In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the understanding of the processes of rock metamorphism and the origins of granite. Royal Medal 1963 Robert Hill "In recognition of his distinguished work in biochemistry of plants, especially for his contributions to knowledge of photosynthesis." Royal Medal 1963 Francis William Rogers Brambell In recognition of his important contribution to our understanding of the passage of protein from maternal to foetal circulations. Royal Medal 1964 Michael James Lighthill "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the flow of compressible gases, and the mathematical theory of distributions." Royal Medal 1964 Henry Charles Husband "In recognition of his distinguished work in many aspects of engineering, particularly for his design studies of large structures such as those exemplified in the radio telescopes at Jodrell Bank and Goonhilly Downs." Royal Medal 1965 John Cowdery Kendrew "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the complete structural analysis of a protein molecule (myoglobin), particularly the biological aspects of this study." Royal Medal 1965 Raymond Arthur Lyttleton "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to astronomy, particularly for his work on the dynamical stability of galaxies." Royal Medal 1965 Christopher Sydney Cockerell "In recognition of his pioneering invention, and major contributions to the subsequent development of hovercraft." Royal Medal 1966 Frank Yates In recognition of his profound and far-reaching contributions to the statistical methods of experimental biology. Royal Medal 1966 John Ashworth Ratcliffe In recognition of his distinguished studies in the ionosphere and on the propagation of radio waves. Royal Medal 1966 Cecil Edgar Tilley In recognition of his many distinguished contributions in all branches of retrology. Royal Medal 1967 John Zachary Young In recognition of his outstanding researches correlating neural structure with function. Royal Medal 1967 Joseph Hutchinson In recognition of his distinguished work on the genetics and evolution of crop-plants with particular reference to cotton. Royal Medal 1967 Gilbert Roberts "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to civil engineering, and in particular to the design and construction of long-span suspension bridges." Royal Medal 1968 Michael Francis Atiyah In recognition of his distinguished contributions to algebraic geometry and to the study of differential equations by the methods of algebraic topology. Royal Medal 1968 Walter Thomas James Morgan "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to knowledge of the chemistry of blood-group substances, with special reference to genetical as well as immunological considerations." Royal Medal 1968 Charles William Oatley In recognition of his distinguished work in the wartime development of radar and latterly for the design and development of a highly successful scanning electron microscope. Royal Medal 1969 Frederick Sanger In recognition of his pioneer work on the sequence of amino acids in proteins and of nucleotides of ribonucleic acids. Royal Medal 1969 George Edward Raven Deacon In recognition of his distinguished contributions to physical oceanography and for his leadership as director of the National Institute of Oceanography. Royal Medal 1969 John Baker In recognition of his fundamental and applied work on the plastic behaviour and design of framed structures which is now being used throughout the world. Royal Medal 1970 Kingsley Charles Dunham "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to pure and applied geology, and especially in the field of metallic ore deposits." Royal Medal 1970 William Albert Hugh Rushton In recognition of his distinguished work on the visual pigments in the living eye and on chemical and nervous adaptation in the retina. Royal Medal 1970 Gerhard Herzberg "In recognition of his distinguished experimental researches in atomic and molecular spectroscopy and its applications in chemistry, physics and astronomy." Royal Medal 1971 Max Ferdinand Perutz In recognition of his pioneering work on the molecular biology and structure of proteins. Royal Medal 1971 Percy Edward Kent In recognition of his distinguished contributions to oil and gas exploration and the geology of oil and gas fields. Royal Medal 1971 Derek Barton "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to organic chemistry, especially his theories on the conformation of organic molecules and his syntheses of natural products." Royal Medal 1972 Francis Harry Compton Crick In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology. Royal Medal 1972 Wilfrid Bennett Lewis In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the science and technology of heavy water reactors for power generation. Royal Medal 1972 Edward Penley Abraham "In recognition of his outstanding work on the isolation, characterization and development of the cephalosporin group of antibiotics." Royal Medal 1973 Martin Ryle In recognition of his distinguished contributions to radioastronomy. Royal Medal 1973 Rodney Robert Porter In recognition of his penetrating investigations on the structure of immunoglobulins. Royal Medal 1973 Fred Hoyle In recognition of his distinguished contributions to theoretical physics and cosmology. Royal Medal 1974 George Edwards "In recognition of his many contributions to aeronautical engineering, particularly in the realization of supersonic aircraft." Royal Medal 1974 Sydney Brenner In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology concerning the nature of the genetic code and its expression during development. Royal Medal 1974 Barnes Wallis In recognition of the originality of his ideas and the determination with which he has pursued them. Royal Medal 1975 David Chilton Phillips In recognition of his solution of the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme and his outstanding contributions to the techniques of x-ray crystallography. Royal Medal 1975 Edward Bullard "In recognition of his distinction as a world leader in geophysics, especially the generation of the earths magnetic field, the origin of the oceans and continental drift." Royal Medal 1975 Alan Walsh In recognition of his distinguished contributions to emission and infra-red spectroscopy and his origination of the atomic absorption method of quantitative analysis. Royal Medal 1976 James Learmonth Gowans "In recognition of his distinguished research in the field of immunology, especially as regards the recirculation and immunological role of lymphocytes" Royal Medal 1976 John Warcup Cornforth In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the stereochemical unravelling of the biosynthesis of squalene and cholesterol from acetate and mevalonate. Royal Medal 1976 Hugh Esmor Huxley In recognition of his distinguished research on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of contraction. Royal Medal 1977 John Bertram Adams In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the design and operation of high-energy particle accelerators. Royal Medal 1977 Peter Hirsch In recognition of his distinguished studies of defects in crystals and especially of his elucidation of the process of work hardening. Royal Medal 1977 Abdus Salam In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the physics of elementary particles with special reference to the unification of the electromagnetic and weak interactions Royal Medal 1978 Roderic Alfred Gregory In recognition of his distinguished studies of the biological activity of peptide hormones in relation to their structure. Royal Medal 1978 Tom Kilburn In recognition of his outstanding individual and continuing contribution to the development of computer hardware in the United Kingdom over the last thirty years. Royal Medal 1978 Charles Frank "In recognition of his outstanding original contributions to the theory of crystal growth, dislocations, phase transformations and polymers, with wide applications in physics, chemistry and geology." Royal Medal 1979 Hans Walter Kosterlitz In recognition of his distinguished work on narcotics leading to the discovery in 1975 of the enkephalins. Royal Medal 1979 Vernon Ellis Cosslett "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the design and development of the X-ray microscope, the scanning electron microprobe analyser, the high voltage and ultrahigh resolution (2.5A) electron microscopes and their applications in many discipli" Royal Medal 1979 Denys Wilkinson "In recognition of his highly original research in nuclear physics and of his outstanding contributions on giant resonances, radiative widths, second-class beta decay and the fundamental symmetries of nuclear interactions and also on instrumentation." Royal Medal 1980 Henry Harris In recognition of his development of cell fusion for the study of somatic-cell genetics and differentiation including the genetic control of malignancy. Royal Medal 1980 John Paul Wild In recognition of his conception of the basic principles of the Interscan aircraft instrument landing system and the guidance of its development to a successful conclusion. Royal Medal 1980 Geoffrey Wilkinson In recognition of his distinguished contributions to preparative inorganic chemistry and in particular to the synthesis and application of organometallic compounds. Royal Medal 1981 Marthe Louise Vogt In recognition of her important contributions to synaptic biochemistry and pharmacology which are fundamental to modern neuropharmacology. Royal Medal 1981 Ralph Riley In recognition of his distinguished contributions to understanding the genetics of wheat and the development of new methods of producing improved varieties. Royal Medal 1981 Cesar Milstein In recognition of his fundamental contribution to understanding the structure and genetic control of immunoglobulins; his hybridoma technique for producing monoclonal antibodies has revolutionized the potential practical applications of immunology. Royal Medal 1982 Richard Henry Dalitz "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to particle physics, particularly in relation to the properties of strange particles." Royal Medal 1982 William Hawthorne "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to engineering thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, and particularly the internal aerodynamics of turbomachines." Royal Medal 1982 Daniel Joseph Bradley "In recognition of his development of the techniques of generating ultra-short light pulses from lasers, and of picosecond streak cameras." Royal Medal 1983 John Frank Charles Kingman "In recognition of his distinguished researches on queuing theory, on regenerative phenomena, and on mathematical genetics." Royal Medal 1983 Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg In recognition of his contributions to elucidating the nature of chemical synaptic transmission in nervous systems and the regulating effects of hormones in peripheral systems. Royal Medal 1983 Alan Rushton Battersby In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the elucidation of the pathway for the biosynthesis of complex natural products. Royal Medal 1984 Alexander Lamb Cullen "In recognition of his many distinguished contributions to microwave engineering, both theoretical and experimental, and in particular for research on microwave antennae." Royal Medal 1984 Mary Frances Lyon In recognition of her distinguished contributions to the discovery of X-chromosome inactivation as a mechanism of gene dosage compensation. Royal Medal 1984 John Bertrand Gurdon "For his outstanding contributions to the techniques of nuclear transplantation and the use of the amphibian egg for investigations on replication, transcription and translation of genes." Royal Medal 1985 John H Argyris For his great contribution to the development of finite element analysis and its application to the solution of engineering problems. Royal Medal 1985 Roger Penrose For his fundamental contributions to the theory of gravitational collapse and to other geometric aspects of theoretical physics. Royal Medal 1985 EA Ash In recognition of his outstanding researches on acoustic microscopy leading to wholly new techniques and substantial improvements in resolution of acoustic microscopes. Royal Medal 1986 Rex Richards "In recognition of his many contributions, both theoretical and instrumental, to nuclear magnetic resonance." Royal Medal 1986 Richard Doll "In recognition of his pioneering use of statistical and epidemiological techniques to evaluate environmental factors in disease, notably that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease and bronchitis." Royal Medal 1986 Eric Denton "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the physiology of marine animals, to marine biology generally, and his leadership of U.K. marine science." Royal Medal 1987 Francis Graham-Smith In recognition of his outstanding contributions to radio- and optical-astronomy. Royal Medal 1987 Gustav Victor Rudolf Born "In recognition of his major contributions to the physiology, pathology and pharmacology of platelets and of his widely used methods for studying platelet function in haemostasis and thrombosis." Royal Medal 1987 GK Batchelor "In recognition of his distinguished work on the theory of turbulence and turbulent diffusion, and the theory of microhydrodynamics and colloidal suspensions." Royal Medal 1988 HEM Barlow "In recognition of his distinguished research, particularly on microwaves and waveguides, and of his lasting influence as the founder of an unusually productive research school." Royal Medal 1988 Winifred M Watkins In recognition of her fundamental contributions towards an understanding of the biochemical genetics of carbohydrate antigens on cell surfaces and in secreted glycoproteins. Royal Medal 1988 David Weatherall "In recognition of his pioneering work on the clinical and molecular basis of the thalassaemias, and fundamental contributions to the unravelling of their heterogeneity." Royal Medal 1989 John Charles Polanyi "In recognition of his pioneering work on the electromagnetic radiation emitted from chemical charges, leading to the basis of the chemical laser process." Royal Medal 1989 John Vane "In recognition of his development of techniques to detect and monitor substances in the blood that regulate the circulation, and their application to the treatment of vascular and ischaemic conditions." Royal Medal 1989 Anne Laura McLaren "In recognition of her distinguished research on mammalian embryology, particularly for providing much of the scientific basis for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, and for analysing sex determination in mammals." Royal Medal 1990 Michael Victor Berry "In recognition of his deep and innovatory researches in classical and quantum physics, especially the discovery of the ""Berry phase""." Royal Medal 1990 Olgierd Cecil Zienkiewicz "In recognition of his pioneering development of the finite element method as a general procedure of solving problems of engineering physics and for demonstrating its success in applications to stress analysis, fluid mechanics, electromagnetics and many ot" Royal Medal 1990 DP McKenzie "In recognition of his seminal role in developing a quantitative understanding of a wide range of geophysical and geological processes, including plate tectonics, mantle convection, continental deformation and melt segregation." Royal Medal 1991 John Mason "in recognition of his distinguished research on cloud physics and, as Director-General of the Meteorological Office, his broadening and strengthening of research in meteorology in the UK." Royal Medal 1991 MJ Berridge "In recognition of his discovery that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate functions as a second messenger to mobilize calcium." Royal Medal 1991 Anthony Epstein Distinguished for the isolation of the Epstein-Barr virus which is closely associated with Burkitts lymphoma. Royal Medal 1992 D Tabor "Distinguished for his seminal contributions to the basic study of friction and wear between solids, of considerable relevance to the design of machines." Royal Medal 1992 SK Donaldson Distinguished for his work which has revolutionized our understanding of four-dimensional geometry. Royal Medal 1992 HB Barlow "For his outstanding and original contributions to electrophysiological, computational and psychophysical study of visual sensation and perception." Royal Medal 1993 R Hill "For his outstanding contribution to the theoretical mechanics of solids, and especially the plasticity of solids." Royal Medal 1993 V Heine "In recognition of his contributions to solid state theory, in particular the bonding and structure of solids." Royal Medal 1993 EH Mansfield "Renowned for his many fundamental and analytical contributions to our knowledge of advanced aeronautical structures, and more recently to the biological sciences." Royal Medal 1994 S Moncada For his contributions to pharmacology and the discovery of basic mechanisms of signal transmission relevant to drug action. Royal Medal 1994 Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar "For his many new discoveries in the understanding of liquid crystals, for a synthesis of the subject of his seminal book, ""The invention of discotic liquid crystals"", and for elucidating their remarkable properties." Royal Medal 1994 D Metcalf In recognition of his discovery of colony stimulating factors which regulate the growth and differentiation of normal hematopoietic and leukemic cells. Royal Medal 1995 PM Nurse In recognition of his work on the control of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells by his discovery of the identity and function of genes that regulate the key control points in the process of cell proliferation. Royal Medal 1995 RJP Williams In recognition of his contributions in clearly presenting the role of inorganic elements in biological systems. Royal Medal 1995 AJ Wiles "In recognition of his achievements in number theory, in particular Fermats Last Theorem and his achievements in algebraic number theory particularly the celebrated main conjecture on cyclotomic fields." Royal Medal 1996 J Heslop-Harrison "In recognition of his pioneering work in plant reproductive biology, in particular the areas of taxonomy and ecology, whole plant physiology, development of sub-cellular systems in somatic and reproductive cells, pollen/stigma interactions and acto/myosin" Royal Medal 1996 RA Hinde In recognition of his contributions to the field of animal behaviour and the dominant influence it achieved on the emerging field of ethology. Royal Medal 1996 Donald Hill Perkins "In recognition of his contributions to experimental particle physics, in particular the elucidation of the structure of the nucleon on the basis of observations of neutrino interactions, the quark substructure of the nucleon, and production of the first q" Royal Medal 1997 Geoffrey Eglinton "In recognition of his contribution to our understanding of the way in which chemicals move from the living biosphere to the fossil geosphere, in particular the origin, genesis, maturation and migration of oil which has had great repercussions on the petro" Royal Medal 1997 John Maynard Smith "In recognition of his theoretical contributions to evolutionary biology, combining mathematics and biology to develop a sound understanding in such fields as population dynamics, paleobiology, ethology, behavioural ecology, bacteriology and genetics." Royal Medal 1997 Donald Charlton Bradley "In recognition of his pioneering work on the molecular chemistry of metal-alkoxides and metal-amides, their synthesis, structure and bonding, and for his studies of their conversions to metal-oxides and metal-nitrides, processes which now find common plac" Royal Medal 1998 Edwin Mellor Southern "In recognition of his development of the method of transferring spatial patterns of DNA fragments from the electrophoretic separation medium to membranes on which the hybridisation could occur known as southern blotting, now a fundamental technique in mol" Royal Medal 1998 Ricardo Miledi In recognition of his many important discoveries in cellular and molecular physiology which have greatly advanced our knowledge of synaptic transmission in the nervous system and of long term effects of trophic interaction between neurones and effector ce Royal Medal 1998 Archibald Howie "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the development and application of electron microscopy of materials, and to the underlying theories of electron scattering, in particular his extensive contributions to inelastic scattering theory, his sy" Royal Medal 1999 John Frank Davidson "In recognition of his distinguished work over many years in chemical engineering, including fluid flow, process dynamics, gas absorption and fluidization technology which has been concerned with real problems of industrial significance." Royal Medal 1999 Patrick David Wall "In recognition of his fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the somatosensory system and, in particular, pain mechanisms, where his insights led to the therapeutic use of electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves, dorsal columns of the spinal co" Royal Medal 1999 Geoffrey Burnstock "In recognition of his development of new hypotheses challenging the accepted views on autonomic neurotransmission, leading to new advances in the understanding of purinergic neurotransmission. There is now universal recognition of the importance of purine" Royal Medal 2000 Keith Usherwood Ingold In recognition of his work in elucidating the mechanism of reactions involving free radicals. His ingenuity in devising key tests and in developing the necessary experimental tools for the determination of reaction pathways of peroxy and other organic com Royal Medal 2000 Timothy Berners-Lee "In recognition of his invention and subsequent development of the World Wide Web, designing the universal resource locator (URL), an addressing system to give each Web page a unique location and the two protocols HTTP and HTML. His work has revolutionised" Royal Medal 2000 Gabriel Horn "For his work on the neurobiological mechanisms of behavioural imprinting, embracing molecular, cellular, anatomical, electrophysiological and ethological approaches to learning and memory. There is now widespread international interest in the cellular ba" Royal Medal 2001 Richard Gardner "For his pioneering work on microsurgery of the mouse blastocyst which laid the foundation for major advances in biological knowledge, both in developmental biology and in understanding of gene function. His work also provided the inspiration for the deve" Royal Medal 2001 Sam Edwards "In recognition of his enormous influence across a wide spectrum of physical sciences, particularly theoretical condensed matter physics. His clear vision has had a major impact on experimentation and on scientific and industrial policy and he is largely r" Royal Medal 2001 Raymond Freeman "In recognition of his seminal contributions to the development and understanding of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. NMR is today the prime analytical tool for the study of molecular structure and dynamics, with enormous impact in chemistry, mate" Royal Medal 2002 Richard Peto For his outstanding work on the epidemiology of smoking and chronic disease. His application of innovative methods to look at the global burden of diseases associated with smoking gave new understanding and impetus to worldwide measures to deal with smoki Royal Medal 2002 Suzanne Cory For her distinguished work on the molecular basis of cancer. She pioneered the use of transgenic mice to elucidate the role of various oncogenes in lymphoid malignancies. Royal Medal 2002 John Skehel "For his pioneering research into virology. His studies and discoveries in the mechanisms by which influenza virus binds to the host cell, and in virus-cell membrane fusion have had a fundamental impact on the field." Royal Medal 2003 Kenneth Johnson "For his outstanding work in the field of contact mechanics. His work his characterised by elegant experiments, skilful analyses and insightful explanations of observed phenomena." Royal Medal 2003 Nicholas Shackleton "In recognition of his seminal contributions to the fields of paleoceanography and geochemistry. He made possible the analysis of stable isotopic composition of oxygen and carbon in very small samples, revolutionising our approach to climate research." Royal Medal 2003 Alec Jeffreys "For his outstanding discoveries and inventions which have had major impacts on large areas of genetics. He is best known for the introduction of DNA analysis to forensic science, contributing not only the theoretical framework for application but also the" Royal Medal 2004 Jack Lewis "For his distinguished career in the field of inorganic chemistry over the last 50 years, mainly in the area of the transition elements." Royal Medal 2004 Sir James Black "For his work in both academia and industry, pioneering a new era of rational drug discovery. His work has played a major influence in elevating British pharmacology and pharmaceutical research to its current eminent international stature." Royal Medal 2004 Anthony Pawson "For his discoveries which have revealed the principles underlying cell signalling, and have been pivotal in understanding pathological states such as cancer." Royal Medal 2005 Michael Fisher "For his seminal contributions to wetting transitions, dislocation melting and criticality of ionic solutions and many other topics in Statistical Mechanics." Royal Medal 2005 Michael Pepper For his work which has had the highest level of influence in condensed matter physics and has resulted in the creation of the modern field of semiconductor nanostructures. Royal Medal 2005 John Pendry "For his seminal contributions in surface sciences, disordered systems, photonics and most recently in metamaterials and the concept of the perfect lens." Royal Medal 2006 David Baulcombe For his profoundly significant recent discoveries for not only plants but for all of biology and for medicine. Royal Medal 2006 Tim Hunt "For discovering a key aspect of cell cycle control, the protein cyclin which is a component of cyclin dependent kinases, demonstrating his ability to grasp the significance of the result outside his immediate sphere of interest." Royal Medal 2006 Cyril Hilsum "For his many outstanding contributions and for continuing to use his prodigious talents on behalf of industry, government and academe to this day." Royal Medal 2007 James Feast "For his outstanding contributions to chemical synthesis with far reaching implications, particularly for the field of functional polymeric materials." Royal Medal 2007 Tomas Lindahl "For making fundamental contributions to our understanding of DNA repair. His achievements stand out for their great originality, breadth and lasting influence." Royal Medal 2007 Alan Fersht "For his seminal work in protein engineering, which he has developed into a fundamental tool in enzyme analysis and the problem of protein folding." Royal Medal 2008 Philip Cohen For his major contribution to our understanding of the role of protein phosphorylation in cell regulation. Royal Medal 2008 Robert Hedges For his contribution to the rapid development of accelerator mass spectrometry and radiocarbon dating techniques. Royal Medal 2008 Chintamani Rao For his highly innovative and diverse contributions to solid-state and materials chemistry. Royal Medal 2009 Ronald Laskey "For his pivotal contributions to our understanding of the control of DNA replication and nuclear protein transport, which has led to a novel screening method for cancer diagnosis." Royal Medal 2009 Christopher Dobson "For his outstanding contributions to the understanding of the mechanisms of protein folding and mis-folding, and the implications for disease." Royal Medal 2009 Allen Hill "For his pioneering work on protein electrochemistry, which revolutionised the diagnostic testing of glucose and many other bioelectrochemical assays." Royal Medal 2010 Azim Surani For his pivotal contributions to the understanding of early mammalian development. Royal Medal 2010 Peter Knight For his pioneering research and international leadership in the field of quantum optics and quantum information science. Royal Medal 2010 Benjamin Count Rumford For his various discoveries respecting Heat and Light. Rumford Medal 1800 John Leslie "For his Experiments on Heat, published in his work, entitled, An Experimental Enquiry into the Nature and Propagation of Heat." Rumford Medal 1804 William Murdock "For his publication of the employment of Gas from Coal, for the purpose of illumination." Rumford Medal 1806 Etienne-Louis Malus "For the discovery of certain new properties of Reflected Light, published in the second volume of the Memoires dArcueil." Rumford Medal 1810 William Charles Wells "For his Essay on Dew, published in the course of the preceding (1815) year." Rumford Medal 1814 Humphry Davy "For his Papers on Combustion and Flame, published in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions." Rumford Medal 1816 David Brewster For his Discoveries relating to the Polarization of Light. Rumford Medal 1818 Augustin-Jean Fresnel "For his Development of the Undulatory Theory as applied to the Phenomena of Polarized Light, and for his various important discoveries in Physical Optics." Rumford Medal 1824 John Frederick Daniell "For his Paper, entitled, Further Experiments with a new Register Pyrometer, for measuring the expansion of Solids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1831." Rumford Medal 1832 Macedonio Melloni For his discoveries relevant to radiant heat. Rumford Medal 1834 James David Forbes "For his experiments on the polarization of heat, of which an account was published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh." Rumford Medal 1838 Jean Baptiste Biot "For his researches in, and connected with, the circular polarization of light." Rumford Medal 1840 Henry Fox Talbot For his discoveries and improvements in photography. Rumford Medal 1842 Michael Faraday "For his discovery of the optical phenomena developed by the action of magnets and electric currents in certain transparent media, the details of which are published in the nineteenth series of his experimental researches in electricity, inserted in the Ph" Rumford Medal 1846 Henri Victor Regnault For his experiments to determine the laws and the numerical data which enter into the calculation of steam engines. Rumford Medal 1848 Francois Jean Dominique Arago "For his experimental investigations on polarized light, the concluding memoirs on which were communicated to the Academy of Sciences of Paris during the last two years." Rumford Medal 1850 George Gabriel Stokes For his discovery of the change in the refrangibility of light. Rumford Medal 1852 Neil Arnott "For the successful construction of the smokeless fire grate lately introduced by him, and for other valuable improvements in the application of heat to the warming and ventilation of apartments." Rumford Medal 1854 Louis Pasteur "For his discovery of the nature of racemic acid and its relations to polarized light, and for the researches to which he was led by that discovery." Rumford Medal 1856 Jules Jamin For his various experimental researches on light. Rumford Medal 1858 James Clerk Maxwell "For his researches on the composition of colours, and other optical papers." Rumford Medal 1860 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff "For his researches on the fixed lines of the solar spectrum, and on the inversion of the bright lines in the spectra of artificial light." Rumford Medal 1862 John Tyndall For his researches on the absorption and radiation of heat by gases and vapours. Rumford Medal 1864 Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau "For his optical researches, & especially for his investigations into the effect of heat on the refractive power of transparent bodies." Rumford Medal 1866 Balfour Stewart "For his researches on the qualitative as well as quantitative relation between the emissive and absorptive powers of bodies for heat and light, published originally in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and the Proceedings of the Royal So" Rumford Medal 1868 Alfred Olivier Des Cloizeaux For his researches in mineralogical optics. Rumford Medal 1870 Andreas Jonas Angstrom For his researches on spectral analysis. Rumford Medal 1872 Joseph Norman Lockyer For his spectroscopic researches on the Sun and on the chemical elements. Rumford Medal 1874 Pierre Jules Cesar Janssen "For his numerous & important researches in the radiation & absorption of light, carried on chiefly by means of the spectroscope." Rumford Medal 1876 Alfred Cornu "For his various optical researches, and especially for his recent redetermination of the velocity of the propagation of light." Rumford Medal 1878 William Huggins "For his important researches in astronomical spectroscopy, and especially for his determination of the radical component of the proper motions of stars." Rumford Medal 1880 William de Wiveleslie Abney "For his photographic researches and his discovery of the method of photographing the less refrangibel part of the spectrum, especially the infra-red region; also for his researches on the absorption of various compound bodies in this part of the spectrum." Rumford Medal 1882 Tobias Robertus Thalen For his spectroscopic researches. Rumford Medal 1884 Samuel P Langley For his researches on the spectrum by means of the Rolometer. Rumford Medal 1886 Pietro Tacchini "For important and long-continued investigations, which have largely advanced our knowledge of the physics of the Sun." Rumford Medal 1888 Heinrich Hertz For his work in electromagnetic radiation. Rumford Medal 1890 Nils C Duner For his spectroscopic researches on stars. Rumford Medal 1892 James Dewar For his researches on the properties of matter at extremely low temperatures. Rumford Medal 1894 Philipp Lenard Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen For their investigations of the phenomena produced outside a highly exhausted tube through which an electrical discharge is taking place. Rumford Medal 1896 Oliver Joseph Lodge For his researches in radiation and in the relations between matter and ether. Rumford Medal 1898 Antoine Henri Becquerel For his discoveries in radiation proceding [sic] from uranium Rumford Medal 1900 Charles Algernon Parsons "For his success in the application of the steam turbine to industrial purposes, and for its recent extension to navigation." Rumford Medal 1902 Ernest Rutherford "For his researches on radio-activity, particularly for his discovery of the existence and properties of the gaseous emanations from radio-active bodies." Rumford Medal 1904 Hugh Longbourne Callendar For his experimental work on heat. Rumford Medal 1906 Hendrik Anton Lorentz On the ground of his investigations in optical and electrical science. Rumford Medal 1908 Heinrich Rubens "On the ground of his researches on radiation, especially of long wave length." Rumford Medal 1910 Kamerlingh Onnes On the ground of his researches at low temperatures. Rumford Medal 1912 Lord Rayleigh On the ground of his investigations in thermo-dynamics and on radiation. Rumford Medal 1914 William Henry Bragg On the ground of his researches in X-ray radiation. Rumford Medal 1916 Charles Fabry Alfred Perot On the ground of their contributions to optics. Rumford Medal 1918 Lord Rayleigh On the ground of his researches into the properties of gases at high vacua. Rumford Medal 1920 Pieter Zeeman For his researches in optics. Rumford Medal 1922 Charles Vernon Boys For his invention of the gas calorimeter. Rumford Medal 1924 Arthur Schuster "For his services to physical science, especially in the subjects of optics and terrestrial magnetism." Rumford Medal 1926 Friedrich Paschen For his contributions to the knowledge of spectra. Rumford Medal 1928 Peter Debye For his work relating to specific heats and X-ray spectroscopy. Rumford Medal 1930 Fritz Haber "For the outstanding importance of his work in physical chemistry, especially in the application of thermodynamics to chemical reactions." Rumford Medal 1932 Wander Johannes de Haas "For his researches on the properties of bodies at low temperatures, and in particular, for his recent work on cooling by the use of adiabatic demagnetisation." Rumford Medal 1934 Ernest John Coker For his researches on the use of polarized light for investigating directly the stresses in transparent models of engineering structures. Rumford Medal 1936 Robert Williams Wood In recognition of his distinguished work and discoveries in many branches of physical optics. Rumford Medal 1938 Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn For his poioneer work in high precision X-ray spectroscopy and its applications. Rumford Medal 1940 Gordon Miller Bourne Dobson In recognition of his outstanding work on the physics of the upper air and its application to meteorology. Rumford Medal 1942 Harry Ralph Ricardo "In recognition of his important contributions to research on the internal combustion engine, which have greatly influenced the development of the various types." Rumford Medal 1944 Alfred Egerton In recognition of his leading part in the application of modern physical chemistry to many technological problems of pressing importance. Rumford Medal 1946 Franz Eugen Simon For his outstanding contributions to the attainment of low temperatures and to the study of the properties of substances at temperatures near the absolute zero. Rumford Medal 1948 Frank Whittle For his pioneering contributions to the jet propulsion of aircraft. Rumford Medal 1950 Fritz Zernike In recognition of his outstanding work in the development of phase contrast microscopy. Rumford Medal 1952 Cecil Reginald Burch For his distinguished contributions to the technique for the production of high vacua and to the development of the reflecting microscope. Rumford Medal 1954 Frank Philip Bowden In recognition of his distinguished work on the nature of friction. Rumford Medal 1956 Thomas Merton In recognition of his distinguished researches in spectroscopy and optics. Rumford Medal 1958 Alfred Gordon Gaydon In recognition of his distinguished work in the field of molecular spectroscopy and particularly its application to the study of flame phenomena. Rumford Medal 1960 Dudley Maurice Newitt In recognition of his distinguished contributions to chemical engineering. Rumford Medal 1962 Hendrick Christoffel van de Hulst In recognition of his distinguished work on the scattering processes in the interplanetary medium and his prediction of the 21 cm spectral line from interstellar neutral hydrogen. Rumford Medal 1964 William Penney In recognition of his distingsuihed and paramount personal contribution to the establishment of economic nuclear energy in Great Britain. Rumford Medal 1966 Dennis Gabor "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to optics, especially by establishing the principles of holography." Rumford Medal 1968 Christopher Hinton In recognition of his outstanding contributions to engineering and of his leadership of engineering design teams in the chemical and atomic energy industries and in electricity generation. Rumford Medal 1970 Basil John Mason "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to meteorology, particularly the physics of clouds." Rumford Medal 1972 Alan Cottrell In recognition of his contributions to physical metallurgy and particularly extending knowledge of the role of dislocation in the fracture of metals. Rumford Medal 1974 Ilya Prigogine In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the theory of irreversible thermodynamics. Rumford Medal 1976 George Porter In recognition of his distinguished studies of very fast chemical reactions by flash photolysis. Rumford Medal 1978 William Frank Vinen In recognition of his discovery of the quantum of circulation in superfluid helium and his development of new techniques for precise measurements within liquid helium. Rumford Medal 1980 Charles Gorrie Wynne In recognition of his unique contribution to the design of optical instruments ranging from large telescopes to bubble-chamber optics. Rumford Medal 1982 Harold Horace Hopkins "In recognition of his many contributions to the theory and design of optical instruments, especially of a wide variety of important new medical instruments which have made a major contribution to clinical diagnosis and surgery. " Rumford Medal 1984 Denis Rooke In recognition of his contributions to scientific developments in the gas industry. Rumford Medal 1986 FJ Weinberg In recognition of his pioneering work on optical diagnostics and electrical aspects of combustion and his fundamental studies of flame problems associated with jet engines and furnaces. Rumford Medal 1988 Walter Eric Spear "For discovering and applying techniques for depositing and characterising thin films of high quality amorphous silicon and for demonstrating that these can be doped to give useful electronic devices, such as cost-effective solar cells and large arrays of " Rumford Medal 1990 HNV Temperley "In recognition of his wide-ranging and imaginative contributions to applied mathematics and statistical physics, especially in the physical properties of liquids and the development of the Temperley-Lieb algebra." Rumford Medal 1992 A Keller "In recognition of his contributions to polymer science, in particular his elucidation of the basis of polymeric crystallization, a fundamental ingredient in many materials, to methods of making strong fibres and to the understanding of polymer solutions w" Rumford Medal 1994 G Turner In recognition of his work on the 40Ar/39Ar method of dating developing this technique to a sophisticated level and one which is widely used for dating extraterrestrial and terrestrial rocks. Rumford Medal 1996 Richard Henry Friend "In recognition of his leading research in the development of polymer-based electronics and optoelectronics leading to a very rapid growth of development activities aimed at plastic electronic displays, with advantages of very low cost, flexibility, and th" Rumford Medal 1998 Wilson Sibbett In recognition of his research on ultra-short pulse laser science and technology. Rumford Medal 2000 David King For his outstanding contributions to our fundamental understanding of the structure and dynamics of reaction processes on solid surfaces. Rumford Medal 2002 Richard Dixon In recognition of his many contributions to molecular spectroscopy and to the dynamics of molecular photodissociation. Rumford Medal 2004 Jean-Pierre Hansen For his pioneering work on molten salts and dense plasmas that has led the way to a quantative understanding of the structure and dynamics of strongly correlated ionic liquids. Rumford Medal 2006 Edward Hinds For his extensive and highly innovative work in ultra-cold matter. Rumford Medal 2008 Gilbert Lonzarich For his outstanding work into novel types of quantum matter using innovative instrumentation and techniques. Rumford Medal 2010 John Douglas Cockroft New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1952 James Chadwick Canada Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1953 Ernest Marsden South Africa Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1954 Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant India and Pakistan Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1955 Charles Galton Darwin New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1956 Edward Neville da Costa Andrade Australia Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1957 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett Canada Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1958 William Lawrence Bragg New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1960 Nevill Francis Mott "Ghana, Nigeria, Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Uganda" Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1962 Thomas Edward Allibone India and Pakistan Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1963 George Paget Thomson New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1964 Philip Ivor Dee Canada Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1965 John Ashworth Ratcliffe Australia Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1966 Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1967 John Michael Ziman India and Pakistan Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1968 Piotr Leonidovich Kapitza Canada Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1969 Stanley Keith Runcorn "Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda" Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1970 Peter Howard Fowler New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1971 Philip Burton Moon Australia Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1975 Norman Feather Canada Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1977 Eric Henry Stoneley Burhop New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1979 David Shoenberg India and Sri Lanka Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1980 Stephen Erwin Moorbath Zimbabwe Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1981 James Dwyer McGee New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1982 William Ernest Burcham Canada Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1983 Alfred Charles Bernard Lovell Australia Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1984 Roger H James Elliott New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1985 Rudolf Ernst Peierls India Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1986 Maurice Goldhaber Canada Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1987 Dan Peter McKenzie New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1988 Samuel Devons Australia Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1989 Basil John Mason Canada Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1990 Denys Haigh Wilkinson New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1991 Lewis Edward John Roberts India Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1992 David John Weatherall South-East Asia Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1993 William Donald Hamilton New Zealand in 1995 Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1994 John Bertrand Gurdon Australia Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1996 John Meurig Thomas New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1997 Robert Brian Heap South Africa Rutherford Memorial Lecture 1999 Michael Joseph Kelly New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 2000 Timothy Pedley New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 2003 Alec Jeffreys Singapore Rutherford Memorial Lecture 2005 Paul Nurse New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 2006 Patrick Bateson Australia Rutherford Memorial Lecture 2007 Lorna Casselton South Africa Rutherford Memorial Lecture 2008 Martin Rees New Zealand Rutherford Memorial Lecture 2010 Henri Poincare For his many and important contributions to mathematical science. Sylvester Medal 1901 Georg Cantor "For his brilliant researches in the theories of aggregates and of sets of points of the arithmetic continuum, of transfinite numbers, and Fouriers series." Sylvester Medal 1904 Wilhelm Wirtinger For his contributions to the general theory of functions. Sylvester Medal 1907 Henry Frederick Baker For his researches in the theory of Abelian functions and for his edition of Sylvesters Collected Works. Sylvester Medal 1910 James Whitbread Lee Glaisher "For his mathematical researches, especially those in connection with the theory of numbers and the theory of elliptic functions." Sylvester Medal 1913 Jean Gaston Darboux For his distinguished contributions to mathematical science. Sylvester Medal 1916 Percy Alexander MacMahon "For his researches in pure mathematics, especially in connection with the partition of numbers and analysis." Sylvester Medal 1919 Tullio Levi-Civita For his researches in geometry and mechanics. Sylvester Medal 1922 Alfred North Whitehead For his researches on the foundations of mathematics. Sylvester Medal 1925 William Henry Young For his contributions to the theory of functions of a real variable. Sylvester Medal 1928 Edmund Taylor Whittaker For his original contributions to both pure and applied mathematics. Sylvester Medal 1931 Bertrand Russell For his distinguished work on the foundations of mathematics. Sylvester Medal 1934 Augustus Edward Hough Love "For his researches in classical mathematical physics, particularly the mathematical theories of elasticity and hydro-dynamics." Sylvester Medal 1937 Godfrey Harold Hardy For his important contributions to many branches of pure mathematics. Sylvester Medal 1940 John Edensor Littlewood For his mathematical discoveries and supreme insight in the analytical theory of numbers. Sylvester Medal 1943 George Neville Watson For his distinguished contributions to pure mathematics in the field of mathematical analysis and in particular for his work on asymptotic expansion and on general transforms. Sylvester Medal 1946 Louis Joel Mordell "For his distinguished researches in pure mathematics, especially for his discoveries in the theory of numbers. " Sylvester Medal 1949 Abram Samoilovitch Besicovitch "For his outstanding work on almost-periodic functions, the theory of measure and integration and many other topics of theory of functions." Sylvester Medal 1952 Edward Charles Titchmarsh "For his distinguished researches on the Riemann zeta-function, analytical theory of numbers, Fourier analysis, and eigen-function expansions." Sylvester Medal 1955 Maxwell Herman Alexander Newman "For his distinguished contributions to combinatory topology, Boolean algebras and mathematical logic." Sylvester Medal 1958 Philip Hall For his distinguished researches in algebra. Sylvester Medal 1961 Mary Lucy Cartwright For her distinguished contributions to analysis and the theory of functions of a real and complex variable. Sylvester Medal 1964 Harold Davenport For his many distinguished contributions to the theory of numbers. Sylvester Medal 1967 George Frederick James Temple "For his many distinguished contributions to applied mathematics, especially in his work on distribution theory." Sylvester Medal 1970 John William Scott Cassels For his numerous important contributions to the theory of numbers. Sylvester Medal 1973 David George Kendall For his many distinguished contributions to probability theory and its applications. Sylvester Medal 1976 Graham Higman For his distinguished and profoundly influential contributions to the theory of finite and infinite groups. Sylvester Medal 1979 John Frank Adams For his solution of several outstanding problems of algebraic topology and of the methods he invented for this purpose which have proved of prime importance in the theory of the subject. Sylvester Medal 1982 John Griggs Thompson For his fundamental contributions leading to the complete classification of all finite simple groups. Sylvester Medal 1985 CTC Wall For his contributions to the topology of manifolds and related topics in algebra and geometry. Sylvester Medal 1988 KF Roth For his many contributions to number theory and in particular his solution of the famous problem concerning approximating algebraic numbers by rationals. Sylvester Medal 1991 Peter Whittle "For his major distinctive contributions to time series analysis, to optimisation theory, and to a wide range of topics in applied probability theory and the mathematics of operational research." Sylvester Medal 1994 Harold Scott Macdonald Coxeter "For his achievements in geometry, notably projective geometry, non-euclidean geometry and the analysis of spatial shapes and patterns, and for his substantial contributions to practical group-theory which pervade much modern mathematics." Sylvester Medal 1997 Nigel James Hitchin "For his important contributions to many parts of differential geometry combining this with complex geometry, integrable systems and mathematical physics interweaving the most modern ideas with the classical literature." Sylvester Medal 2000 Lennart Carleson For his deep and fundamental contributions to mathematics in the field of analysis and complex dynamics. His most spectacular achievement was the proof of the convergence almost everywhere of the Fourier Series of square integrable and continuous function Sylvester Medal 2003 Peter Swinnerton-Dyer For his fundamental work in arithmetic geometry and his many contributions to the theory of ordinary differential equations. Sylvester Medal 2006 John Ball For his seminal work in mechanics and nonlinear analysis and his encouragement of mathematical research in developing countries Sylvester Medal 2009 Graeme Segal "For his highly influential and elegant work on the development of topology, geometry and quantum field theory, bridging the gap between physics and pure mathematics" Sylvester Medal 2010 Alan Lloyd Hodgkin The physics and chemistry of nervous conduction. Tercentenary Lectures 1960 Alexander Robertus Todd New horizons in organic chemistry. Tercentenary Lectures 1960 Alfred Charles Bernard Lovell The investigation of the Universe by radio astronomy. Tercentenary Lectures 1960 Arnold Alexander Hall Trends in aeronautical science and engineering. Tercentenary Lectures 1960 Cecil Frank Powell The study of nuclear interactions at very great energies. Tercentenary Lectures 1960 Christopher Hinton The evolution of nuclear power plant design. Tercentenary Lectures 1960 Cyril Dean Darlington The chromosomes and the theory of heredity. Tercentenary Lectures 1960 Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin Molecules in crystals. Tercentenary Lectures 1960 Peter Brian Medawar The problems of transplantation. Tercentenary Lectures 1960 Vincent Brian Wigglesworth The metamorphosis of insects. Tercentenary Lectures 1960 Charles Robert Scriver An evolutionary view of disease in man. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1983 Arnold Stanley Vincent Burgen Conformation and selectivity in receptors. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1984 William George Unruh Black holes: a theorist's laboratory. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1985 Robert Keith O'Nions The retention and loss of volatiles by the Earth. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1986 Allen Garnett Davenport Mitigating the destructive effect of wind. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1987 Boris Peter Stoicheff Tunable laser-driven sources for extreme-ultraviolet spectroscopy. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1989 David Chilton Phillips Physics abd stamp collecting: protein crystallography 25 years after lysozyme. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1990 Charlotte Keen Life on the edge: evolution of rifted continental margins. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1991 Peter Hirsch Modelling the brittle-ductile transition. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1992 Ronald Worton The impact of the Human Genome Project on medicine and society: lessons from the study of muscular dystrophy. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1993 Robert Hall Michell Inositol lipids and phosphates in cell regulation. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1994 Richard Southwell Chevallier Cobbold Doppler ultrasound: its development and clinical application. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1995 Robert Joseph Paton Williams A chemical view of evolution. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1996 Cameron Stewart The abc conjecture. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1997 Martin John Rees The mystery of gamma-ray bursts. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1998 Howard Alper Advancing science and innovation: community/decision maker partnerships. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 1999 Robin Jon Hawes Clark "An arts/science interface: The identification of pigments on manuscripts, paintings and artefacts by spectroscopic techniques." UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 2000 Tak Wah Mak Apoptosis: 'tis death that makes life live. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 2001 Martin Charles Raff Size control in animal development and Cell diversification in the developing rodent retina. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 2002 Art McDonald Mining the heavens: a deeper understanding of our Universe from 2 kilometres underground. UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 2003 Anthony Kelly Poissons Ratio- Controlling thermal expansion by use of composite materials: Fibre composites and can they compete with metals at elevated temperature? UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 2004 Tito Scaiano "Flourescence sensor applications as detectors for DNA damage, free radical formation and in microlithography." UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 2005 Martyn Poliakoff Multi-phase catalysis in supercritical fluids UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 2007 John Earnest Walker How energy is converted in biology UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 2010 Vicky Kaspi The cosmic gift of neutron stars UK-Canada Rutherford Lecture 2010 John David Griffith Davies John Wilkins and the Royal Society. Wilkins Lecture 1948 Edward Neville da Costa Andrade Robert Hoke. Wilkins Lecture 1949 Francis Joseph Cole The history of micro-dissection. Wilkins Lecture 1950 Harold Brewer Hartley " Sir Humphry Davy, Bt, P.R.S." Wilkins Lecture 1952 Basil Ferdinand Jamieson Schonland "Benjamin Franklin, natural philosopher." Wilkins Lecture 1955 Joseph Needham The missing link in horological history: a Chinese contribution. Wilkins Lecture 1958 Gavin Rylands de Beer The origins of Darwins ideas on evolution and natural selection. Wilkins Lecture 1961 Giorgio de Santillana Galileo today. Wilkins Lecture 1964 Geoffrey Langdon Keynes "Bacon, Harvey, and the originators of the Royal Society." Wilkins Lecture 1967 Reginald Victor Jones The plain story of James Watt. Wilkins Lecture 1970 Alfred Rupert Hall Newton and his editors. Wilkins Lecture 1973 Margaret Mary "Gowing Science, technology and education: England in 1870." Wilkins Lecture 1976 Gweneth Whitteridge On the local movement of animals. Wilkins Lecture 1979 Sydney Smith One hundred years after Charles Darwin. Wilkins Lecture 1982 William Thomas Stearn "John Wilkins, John Ray and Carl Linnaeus." Wilkins Lecture 1985 David S Landes Brain and hand in the development of technology of time-measurement. Wilkins Lecture 1988 Stephen Finney Mason Bishop John Wilkins FRS. Wilkins Lecture 1991 Allan Chapman Edmond Halley as a historian of science. Wilkins Lecture 1994 Desmond George King-Hele "Erasmus Darwin, the Lunatiks and evolution." Wilkins Lecture 1997 Roy Porter Reflections on scientific and medical futurology since the time of John Wilkins. Wilkins Lecture 2000 Lisa Jardine Dr Wilkins's boy wonders. Wilkins Lecture 2003 John Heilbron "Benjamin Franklin Europe: electrician, academician, politician." Wilkins Lecture 2006 http://royalsociety.org/events/2006/benjamin-franklin/ Celia Hoyles In recognition of her outstanding contribution to research in mathematics education Kavli Education Medal 2010 HM Emperor Akihito Japan Royal Society King Charles II Medal 1998 President APJ Abdul Kalam India Royal Society King Charles II Medal 2007 Chancellor Angela Merkel Germany Royal Society King Charles II Medal 2010 Melvyn Bragg Notes from an Amateur: On the History of the Royal Society Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture 2010 David Edgerton "The social function of history: policy, history and twentieth-century science" Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture 2009 http://royalsociety.org/events/2009/social-function-history/ Siān Ede Hard questions : Contemporary art and the obsession with science Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture 2008 http://royalsociety.org/events/2008/contemporary-art-science/ Jeremy Butterfield The uses of infinity: a philosopher looks at emergent phenomena in physics Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture 2007 http://royalsociety.org/events/2007/infinity/ Daniel Wolpert The Puppet Master: How the brain controls the body Francis Crick Lecture 2005 http://royalsociety.org/events/2005/brain-body Julie Ahringer "Genes, worms and the new genetics" Francis Crick Lecture 2004 http://royalsociety.org/events/2004/genes-worms-genetics/ Royal Medal Premier Wen Jiabao China Royal Society King Charles II Medal 2011 Dan McKenzie For his seminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates. Copley Medal 2011 Steven Ley For his pioneering research in organic chemistry and outstanding contributions to the methodology of synthesis. Royal Medal 2011 Robin Holliday For his highly influential discoveries of the 'Holliday junction' structure in meiotic recombination and the function of DNA methylation at CG base pairs. Royal Medal 2011 Gregory Winter "For his pioneering work in protein engineering and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, and his contributions as an inventor and entrepreneur." Royal Medal 2011 Stephen Jackson For his outstanding contributions to understanding DNA repair and DNA-damage-response signalling pathways. Buchanan Medal 2011 Ahmed Zewail "For his seminal contributions to the study of ultrafast reactions and the understanding of transition states in chemistry, and to dynamic electron microscopy." Davy Medal 2011 Angela McLean For her pivotal work on the mathematical population biology of immunity. Gabor Medal 2011 Matthew Rosseinsky For his highly influential discoveries in the synthetic chemistry of solid state electronic materials and novel microporous structures. Hughes Medal 2011 Christopher Lintott For his excellent engagement with society in matters of science and its societal dimension. Royal Society Kohn Award 2011 Simon Boulton Repairing the code Francis Crick Lecture 2011 http://royalsociety.org/events/2011/repairing-code/ Brad Amos How new science is transforming the optical microscope Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2012 http://royalsociety.org/events/2012/optical-microscope/ Colin Pillinger Stones from the sky: A heaven-sent opportunity to talk about science Michael Faraday Prize 2011 http://royalsociety.org/events/2012/stones-from-the-sky/ Francesca Happe Used her award to develop a set of children's books promoting female scientists Royal Society Rosalind Franklin Award 2011 http://royalsociety.org/events/2011/autism-spectrum-disorder/ Julie Makani For her outstanding research into using anaemia in sickle cell disease as a model for translating genetic research into health benefits Royal Society Pfizer Award 2011 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd17odE1YLs Peter Edwards Metals and the conducting and superconducting states of matter Bakerian Lecture 2012 http://royalsociety.org/events/2012/metals/ John Walker "For his ground-breaking work on bioenergetics, discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion." Copley Medal 2012 Tim Bliss The mechanics of memory Croonian Lecture 2012 http://royalsociety.org/events/2012/memory/ Tom Kibble "For his theories of symmetry-breaking in quantum field theory, with diverse applications to elementary particle masses, vortex formation in Helium 3 and structure formation in the early universe." Royal Medal 2012 Kenneth Murray "For his crucial contributions to the development of genetic engineering, to biotechnology and to the study of hepatitis viruses." Royal Medal 2012 Andrew Holmes For his outstanding contributions to chemical synthesis at the interface between materials and biology and pioneering the field of organic electronic materials. Royal Medal 2012 Jenny Nelson "For her theoretical insight into the many factors affecting the fabrication and performance of organic photovoltaics, which has led to the rational design of these devices and related photodetectors based on organic semiconductors." Royal Society Armourers & Brasiers' Company Prize 2012 Molly Stevens Regenerating organs and other small challenges Clifford Paterson Lecture 2012 http://royalsociety.org/events/2012/regenerating-organs/ Timothy Clutton-Brock "For his outstanding work on the diversity of animal societies and demonstration of their effects on the evolution of reproductive strategies, the operation of selection and the dynamics of populations." Darwin Medal 2012 Fraser Armstrong "For his pioneering protein film electrochemistry allowing exquisite thermodynamic and kinetic control of redox enzymes, exemplified by hydrogenases, key in energy technology." Davy Medal 2012 Adrian Bird "For his outstanding contributions in the field of epigenetics, especially DNA methylation and its role in development and disease." Royal Society GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture 2012 Suzannah Lishman For her excellence in engaging with society in matters of science and its societal dimension. Royal Society Kohn Award 2012 Brian Cox Michael Faraday Prize 2012 Roy Taylor "For his outstanding contributions to tunable ultrafast lasers and nonlinear fibre optics, including fibre Raman, soliton and supercontinuum laser sources, which translated fundamental discoveries to practical technology." Rumford Medal 2012 John Toland "For his original theorems and remarkable discoveries in nonlinear partial differential equations, including applications to water waves." Sylvester Medal 2012 Margaret Brown In recognition of her significant impact on mathematics education within the UK. Kavli Education Medal 2013 Ewan Birney Being human: what our genome tells us Francis Crick Lecture 2003